From: Gout and risk of chronic kidney disease and nephrolithiasis: meta-analysis of observational studies
First author | Study period | Location | Source of data/study population | Study type | Total sample | Mean age (SD) a | % male | Gout ascertainment | Outcomes reported (method of ascertainment) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen [22] | 2006 | China | Residents of Changning district of Shanghai | CS | 2,554 | 58.4 (SE 15.3) | 36 | Self-report | Adjusted ORs for CKD any stage and CKD stage ≥3 (biochemical measurement) |
Hsu [23] | 1964 to 2000 | USA | Kaiser Permanente Northern California linked to US Renal Data System | Cohort | 177,570 | ESRD 42.3 (10.3) | ESRD 59 | Self-reported physician diagnosis | Univariate and multivariate HRs for ESRD requiring RRT (record linkage) |
No ESRD 40.7 (14.0) | No ESRD 46 | ||||||||
Kuo [24] | 2000 to 2006 | Taiwan | Chang Gung Memorial Hospital health screening programme | CS data from cohortb | 61,527 | Males 49.1 (11.0) | 56 | Self-reported or ICD code or crystal identification | Prevalence of CKD stage ≥3 (biochemical measurement) |
Females 50.8 (10.8) | |||||||||
Fuldeore [25] | 2002 to 2005 | USA | Managed Healthcare Database | CS | 3,929 | CKD | CKD | ICD code on two occasions or ICD code plus gout medication | Prevalence of CKD stage 2, 3 and 4 (biochemical measurement) |
54.3 (NR) | 86 | ||||||||
No CKD | No CKD | ||||||||
47.8 (9.0) | 89 | ||||||||
Johnson [26] | 1997 to 2004 | USA | Kaiser Permanente North West | CC | 5,335 | 64.4 (NR) | 46 | ICD code or SUA ≥7 mg/dl | Unadjusted and adjusted ORs for ESRD requiring RRT (medical record review) |
Keenan [27] | 2007 to 2008 | USA | New York Veterans Affairs database | CS | 575 | 71.8 (11.6) | 99 | ICD code | Prevalence of CKD stage ≥3 (biochemical measurement or ICD code) |
Yu [28] | 2000 to 2008 | Taiwan | Taiwan National Health Insurance Database | Cohort | 656,108 | 41.1 (15.6) | 73 | ICD code on two occasions or ICD code plus gout medication | Multivariate HR for ESRD requiring RRT (record linkage) |
O’Sullivan [34] | 1964 | USA | Population of Sudbury, Massachusetts | CS | 4,626 | NR | NR | New York/Rome criteria | Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (self-report, not defined) |
Schaffalitzky De Muckadell [35] | 1973 | Denmark | Male office workers aged 40 to 59Â years in Copenhagen | CS | 312 | NR | 100 | Self-reported physician diagnosis | Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (self-report, not defined) |
Currie [36] | 1969 to 1975 | UK | General practice records | CS | 604 | 52.3 (NR) | 77 | GP diagnosis | Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (GP diagnosis) |
Currie [37] | 1976 | UK | General practice records | CS | 64,454 | NR | NR | GP diagnosis | Incidence of nephrolithiasis (GP diagnosis) |
Kramer [38] | 1988 to 1994 | USA | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III | CS | 17,030 | Stones 53.7 (0.7) | 48 | Self-reported physician diagnosis | Prevalence and adjusted ORs for nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence) |
No stones 44.2 (0.4) | |||||||||
Kramer [39] | 1986 to 1998 | USA | Health Professionals Follow-up Study | Cohort | 51,529 | Gout 59.9 (9.1) | 100 | Self-reported physician diagnosis, ARA criteria | Prevalence and adjusted RRs for nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence) |
No gout 54.4 (9.8) | |||||||||
Mikuls [40] | 1990 to 1999 | UK | General Practice Research Database (GPRD) | CS | 207,350 | Gout 60.5 (15.4) | 46 | GP diagnosis | Prevalence, unadjusted and adjusted ORs for nephrolithiasis (medical records) |
OA controls 66.8 (13.4) | |||||||||
Harrold [41] | 1999 to 2003 | USA | Health Maintenance Organisations (HMO) Research Network Centre for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERT) | CS | 6,133 | Males 58 (14) | 81 | ICD code on two occasions | Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (ICD code) |
Females 70 (12) | |||||||||
Padang [42] | Not stated | Indonesia | Community Health Centres in Northern Sulawesi | CS | 380 | NR | NR | ≥3 attacks of gout/year and/or tophi plus ARA criteria | Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (self-report, not defined) |
Sarawate [43] | 1999 to 2004 | USA | Managed Care Database | CS data from cohortb | 5,942 | 57.4 (14.1) | 76 | ICD code on two occasions or ICD code plus gout medication | Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (ICD code) |
Solomon [44] | Not stated | USA | US Medicare system and Pharmacy Assistance Contract for the Elderly (PACE) | CS data from cohortb | 9,823 | Male 78 (7) | 16 | Use of ULT | Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (medical records) |
Female 80 (7) | |||||||||
Harrold [45] | 2000 to 2006 | USA | Health Maintenance Organisations (HMO) Research Network Centre for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERT) | CS data from cohortb | 4,166 | 62 (14) | 75 | ICD code plus use of ULT | Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (ICD code) |
Roddy [49] | 2005 | UK | Registered population of two general practices in Nottingham | CS | 3,082 | Gout 63.8 (10.6) | Gout 81 | Self-reported gout, validated by rheumatologist | Prevalence of CKD stage ≥3, ≥4 (biochemical measurement) and nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence) |
No gout 57.0 (14.4) | No gout 41 | ||||||||
Zhu [48] | 2007 to 2008 | USA | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | CS | 5,707 | 47 (NR) | 48 | Self-reported physician diagnosis | Prevalence and adjusted OR for CKD stage ≥2, ≥3c (biochemical measurement) and nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence) |
Liote [29] | 2008 to 2009 | France | General Practitioner data from GOSPEL survey | CS | 810 | 62.7 (11.3) | 87.2 | Physician diagnosis | Prevalence of CKD stage ≥3, ≥4 (biochemical measurement) |
Lin [30] | 2007 | Taiwan | Community-based survey, sampling via Household Register Database | CS | 3,352 | 47.5 (17.4) | 48.6 | Self-reported physician diagnosis of gout or hyperuricaemia | Prevalence of CKD stage ≥3 (biochemical measurement) |
Kuo [31] | 2000 to 2008 | Taiwan | Longitudinal Health Insurance Database | CS data from cohortb | 704,503 | 42.73 (16.6) | Gout 70.3, no gout 50.4 | ICD code | Prevalence and unadjusted OR for ESRD requiring RRT (record linkage) |
Krishnan [32] | 2009 to 2010 | USA | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | CS | 5,589 | 44 (21) | 49 | Self-reported physician diagnosis | Prevalence of CKD stage 2, 3, ≥4 (biochemical measurement) |
Kok [33] | 2003 to 2007 | Taiwan | Taiwan National Health Insurance Database | CS data from cohortb | 3,858,840 | NR | 48.3 | ICD code on three occasions | Prevalence of CKD, stages not specified (ICD code) |
Trifiro [46] | 2005 to 2009 | Italy | Health Search/Cegedim Strategic Data Longitudinal Patient Database | CS | 12,276 | NR | 74 | ICD code, related keywords for free text search | Prevalence and unadjusted OR for nephrolithiasis (medical records) |
Scales [13] | 2007 to 2010 | USA | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | CS | 12,110 | NR | NR | NR | Adjusted OR for nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence) |
Ando [47] | 1995 to 2001 | Japan | Men undergoing medical examination at Gifu Prefectural Center for Health Check and Health Promotion | CS | 13,418 | Controls 48.5 (8.8), past stones 49.7 (8.4) | 100 | Receiving medical treatment for gout or SUA ≥7.0 mg/dl | Prevalence nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence) |