Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

From: Gout and risk of chronic kidney disease and nephrolithiasis: meta-analysis of observational studies

First author

Study period

Location

Source of data/study population

Study type

Total sample

Mean age (SD) a

% male

Gout ascertainment

Outcomes reported (method of ascertainment)

Chen [22]

2006

China

Residents of Changning district of Shanghai

CS

2,554

58.4 (SE 15.3)

36

Self-report

Adjusted ORs for CKD any stage and CKD stage ≥3 (biochemical measurement)

Hsu [23]

1964 to 2000

USA

Kaiser Permanente Northern California linked to US Renal Data System

Cohort

177,570

ESRD 42.3 (10.3)

ESRD 59

Self-reported physician diagnosis

Univariate and multivariate HRs for ESRD requiring RRT (record linkage)

No ESRD 40.7 (14.0)

No ESRD 46

Kuo [24]

2000 to 2006

Taiwan

Chang Gung Memorial Hospital health screening programme

CS data from cohortb

61,527

Males 49.1 (11.0)

56

Self-reported or ICD code or crystal identification

Prevalence of CKD stage ≥3 (biochemical measurement)

Females 50.8 (10.8)

Fuldeore [25]

2002 to 2005

USA

Managed Healthcare Database

CS

3,929

CKD

CKD

ICD code on two occasions or ICD code plus gout medication

Prevalence of CKD stage 2, 3 and 4 (biochemical measurement)

54.3 (NR)

86

No CKD

No CKD

47.8 (9.0)

89

Johnson [26]

1997 to 2004

USA

Kaiser Permanente North West

CC

5,335

64.4 (NR)

46

ICD code or SUA ≥7 mg/dl

Unadjusted and adjusted ORs for ESRD requiring RRT (medical record review)

Keenan [27]

2007 to 2008

USA

New York Veterans Affairs database

CS

575

71.8 (11.6)

99

ICD code

Prevalence of CKD stage ≥3 (biochemical measurement or ICD code)

Yu [28]

2000 to 2008

Taiwan

Taiwan National Health Insurance Database

Cohort

656,108

41.1 (15.6)

73

ICD code on two occasions or ICD code plus gout medication

Multivariate HR for ESRD requiring RRT (record linkage)

O’Sullivan [34]

1964

USA

Population of Sudbury, Massachusetts

CS

4,626

NR

NR

New York/Rome criteria

Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (self-report, not defined)

Schaffalitzky De Muckadell [35]

1973

Denmark

Male office workers aged 40 to 59 years in Copenhagen

CS

312

NR

100

Self-reported physician diagnosis

Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (self-report, not defined)

Currie [36]

1969 to 1975

UK

General practice records

CS

604

52.3 (NR)

77

GP diagnosis

Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (GP diagnosis)

Currie [37]

1976

UK

General practice records

CS

64,454

NR

NR

GP diagnosis

Incidence of nephrolithiasis (GP diagnosis)

Kramer [38]

1988 to 1994

USA

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III

CS

17,030

Stones 53.7 (0.7)

48

Self-reported physician diagnosis

Prevalence and adjusted ORs for nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence)

No stones 44.2 (0.4)

Kramer [39]

1986 to 1998

USA

Health Professionals Follow-up Study

Cohort

51,529

Gout 59.9 (9.1)

100

Self-reported physician diagnosis, ARA criteria

Prevalence and adjusted RRs for nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence)

No gout 54.4 (9.8)

Mikuls [40]

1990 to 1999

UK

General Practice Research Database (GPRD)

CS

207,350

Gout 60.5 (15.4)

46

GP diagnosis

Prevalence, unadjusted and adjusted ORs for nephrolithiasis (medical records)

OA controls 66.8 (13.4)

Harrold [41]

1999 to 2003

USA

Health Maintenance Organisations (HMO) Research Network Centre for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERT)

CS

6,133

Males 58 (14)

81

ICD code on two occasions

Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (ICD code)

Females 70 (12)

Padang [42]

Not stated

Indonesia

Community Health Centres in Northern Sulawesi

CS

380

NR

NR

≥3 attacks of gout/year and/or tophi plus ARA criteria

Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (self-report, not defined)

Sarawate [43]

1999 to 2004

USA

Managed Care Database

CS data from cohortb

5,942

57.4 (14.1)

76

ICD code on two occasions or ICD code plus gout medication

Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (ICD code)

Solomon [44]

Not stated

USA

US Medicare system and Pharmacy Assistance Contract for the Elderly (PACE)

CS data from cohortb

9,823

Male 78 (7)

16

Use of ULT

Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (medical records)

Female 80 (7)

Harrold [45]

2000 to 2006

USA

Health Maintenance Organisations (HMO) Research Network Centre for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERT)

CS data from cohortb

4,166

62 (14)

75

ICD code plus use of ULT

Prevalence of nephrolithiasis (ICD code)

Roddy [49]

2005

UK

Registered population of two general practices in Nottingham

CS

3,082

Gout 63.8 (10.6)

Gout 81

Self-reported gout, validated by rheumatologist

Prevalence of CKD stage ≥3, ≥4 (biochemical measurement) and nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence)

No gout 57.0 (14.4)

No gout 41

Zhu [48]

2007 to 2008

USA

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

CS

5,707

47 (NR)

48

Self-reported physician diagnosis

Prevalence and adjusted OR for CKD stage ≥2, ≥3c (biochemical measurement) and nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence)

Liote [29]

2008 to 2009

France

General Practitioner data from GOSPEL survey

CS

810

62.7 (11.3)

87.2

Physician diagnosis

Prevalence of CKD stage ≥3, ≥4 (biochemical measurement)

Lin [30]

2007

Taiwan

Community-based survey, sampling via Household Register Database

CS

3,352

47.5 (17.4)

48.6

Self-reported physician diagnosis of gout or hyperuricaemia

Prevalence of CKD stage ≥3 (biochemical measurement)

Kuo [31]

2000 to 2008

Taiwan

Longitudinal Health Insurance Database

CS data from cohortb

704,503

42.73 (16.6)

Gout 70.3, no gout 50.4

ICD code

Prevalence and unadjusted OR for ESRD requiring RRT (record linkage)

Krishnan [32]

2009 to 2010

USA

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

CS

5,589

44 (21)

49

Self-reported physician diagnosis

Prevalence of CKD stage 2, 3, ≥4 (biochemical measurement)

Kok [33]

2003 to 2007

Taiwan

Taiwan National Health Insurance Database

CS data from cohortb

3,858,840

NR

48.3

ICD code on three occasions

Prevalence of CKD, stages not specified (ICD code)

Trifiro [46]

2005 to 2009

Italy

Health Search/Cegedim Strategic Data Longitudinal Patient Database

CS

12,276

NR

74

ICD code, related keywords for free text search

Prevalence and unadjusted OR for nephrolithiasis (medical records)

Scales [13]

2007 to 2010

USA

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

CS

12,110

NR

NR

NR

Adjusted OR for nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence)

Ando [47]

1995 to 2001

Japan

Men undergoing medical examination at Gifu Prefectural Center for Health Check and Health Promotion

CS

13,418

Controls 48.5 (8.8), past stones 49.7 (8.4)

100

Receiving medical treatment for gout or SUA ≥7.0 mg/dl

Prevalence nephrolithiasis (self-reported lifetime prevalence)

  1. ARA, American Rheumatism Association; CC, case–control study; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CS, cross-sectional; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; GP, general practitioner; HR, hazard ratio; ICD, International Classification of Disease; NR, not reported; OA, osteoarthritis; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk; RRT, renal replacement therapy; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; SUA, serum uric acid level; ULT, urate-lowering therapy. aAssumed to be SD unless otherwise stated. bCohort study reporting only cross-sectional data relevant to this review. cCKD stages clarified with authors; CSD, Cegedim Strategic Data.