Table 3 Traditional and disease-related predictors of plaque formation in patients with primary SS
Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plaque (n = 44) | No plaque (n = 20) | P -value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P -value | |
Traditional risk factors | |||||
Age, years | 60.1 ± 9.1 | 51.0 ± 16.2 | 0.006 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) | 0.09 |
Female, % | 93.2 | 95 | ns | ||
Past medical history of CVD, % | 6.8 | 5 | ns | ||
Family history of CVD, % | 18.2 | 5 | ns | ||
Smoking, packs/year | 9.1 ± 19.3 | 4.7 ± 9.3 | ns | ||
Body mass index | 27.6 ± 5.6 | 26.8 ± 5.5 | ns | ||
Diabetes, % | 9.1 | 0 | ns | ||
Hypertension, % | 38.6 | 30.0 | ns | ||
Cholesterol levels, mg/dl | 194.4 ± 33.9 | 194.9 ± 35.7 | ns | ||
High-density lipoprotein, mg/dl | 56.6 ± 15.1 | 51.2 ± 12.8 | ns | ||
Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dl | 116.1 ± 30.6 | 130.2 ± 27.7 | ns | ||
Triglycerides, mg/dl | 107.8 ± 43.9 | 93.9 ± 40.8 | ns | ||
Homocysteine levels, μmol/l | 15.3 ± 5.5 | 12.4 ± 3.8 | ns | ||
Uric acid, mg/dl | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | ns | ||
Current steroid dose, mg | 1.3 ± 2.2 | 1.1 ± 2.2 | ns | ||
Total steroid dose, g | 9.3 ± 17.5 | 3.7 ± 6.3 | ns | ||
Current TSH levels, μ ΙU/dl | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | ns | ||
C-reactive protein, mg/l | 3.2 ± 5.8 | 7.6 ± 17.0 | ns | ||
Fibrinogen, mg/dl | 410.0 ± 99.7 | 402.8 ± 151.2 | ns | ||
25-hydroxy vitamin D3, ng/ml | 21.1 ± 12.9 | 21.7 ± 7.0 | ns | ||
Disease-related features | |||||
Disease duration, years | 8.9 ± 7.3 | 7.3 ± 6.6 | ns | ||
SS disease activity index | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.8 | ns | ||
Focus score, number of foci/4 mm2 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 0.04 | ||
Whole salivary flow, ml/15 minutes | 1.9 ± 2.8 | 3.0 ± 3.2 | 0.04 | ||
Peri-epithelial disease, % | 22.7 | 15.0 | ns | ||
Arthritis, % | 29.5 | 40.0 | ns | ||
Arthralgias, % | 68.2 | 75.0 | ns | ||
Dry mouth, % | 84.1 | 75.0 | ns | ||
Dry eyes, % | 90.9 | 80.0 | ns | ||
Salivary gland enlargement, % | 11.4 | 20 | ns | ||
Raynaud’s phenomenon, % | 34.1 | 10.0 | 0.04 | ||
Lymphadenopathy, % | 18.2 | 20.0 | ns | ||
Splenomegaly, % | 2.3 | 5 | ns | ||
Palpable purpura, % | 9.1 | 5 | ns | ||
Cryoglobulins (%) | 2.3 | 0 | ns | ||
Lymphoma (%) | 13.6 | 15.0 | ns | ||
Antinuclear antibodies >1/160, % | 86.4 | 95 | ns | ||
Anti-Ro/SSA, % | 72.7 | 75 | ns | ||
Anti-La/SSB, % | 47.7 | 50.0 | ns | ||
Rheumatoid factor titers, IU/ml | 53.7 ± 88.7 | 72.5 ± 108.6 | ns | ||
Complement 3, mg/ml | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | ns | ||
Complement 4, mg/ml | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | ns | ||
Absolute number of WBC/mm3 | 5,533 ± 1968 | 6,006 ± 1516 | ns | ||
Absolute number of lymphocytes/mm3 | 1,411 ± 476 | 1,924 ± 705 | 0.001 | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.02 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | 33 ± 21 | 31 ± 21 | ns | ||
γ-globulins, % | 18.3 ± 5.1 | 19.0 ± 2.7 | ns | ||
Urine specific gravity | 1,014 ± 6 | 1,016 ± 9 | ns | ||
Urine pH | 6.1 ± 0.7 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | ns | ||