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Table 1 Pattern recognition receptors associated with rheumatic disease

From: Pattern recognition receptors as potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory rheumatic disease

  

Pattern recognition receptor ligand(s)

Association with rheumatic

Receptor

Localization

PAMPs

DAMPs

disease

TLRs

    

TLR2

Cell surface

Lipoproteins

Gp96

RA [37], OA [50]

Peptidoglycan

Hyaluronan

Zymosan

HMGB1

SNAPIN

TLR3

Endosome

dsRNA

DNA

RA [24,30-32], OA [56]

TLR4

Cell surface

LPS

HSP70

RA [20,32,92], OA [42,43,48,50]

Envelope glycoproteins

HMGB1

Mannan

Hyaluronan

Fibronectin

Biglycan

TLR5

Cell surface

Flagellin

 

RA [34]

TLR7/8

Endosome

ssRNA

ssRNA

RA [25-27], SLE [93,94]

TLR9

Endosome

CpG DNA

DNA

OA [57], SLE [95]

NLRs

    

NOD1

Cytoplasm

Diaminopimelic acid

 

RA [39]

NLRP3

Cytoplasm

RNA, DNA, MDP

ATP

Gout [3], RA [40], OA [59,60]

HA/uric acid crystals

  1. Some examples of both exogenous (PAMPs) and endogenous (DAMPs) ligands are shown for each receptor. DAMP, danger-associated molecular pattern; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; HA, hyaluronic acid; HMGB-1, high mobility group box-1; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; HSP70, heat shock protein-70; MDP, muramyl dipeptide; NLR, NOD-like receptor; NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain; OA, osteoarthritis; PAMP, pattern-associated molecular pattern; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SNAPIN, SNAP-associated protein; ssRNA, single-stranded RNA; TLR, Toll-like receptor.