Early biomarkers of joint damage in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis

Mc Ardle, Angela; Flatley, Brian; Pennington, Stephen R.; FitzGerald, Oliver

doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0652-z

Arthritis Research & Therapy

Table 2 Candidate biomarkers of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis

From: Early biomarkers of joint damage in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis

Candidate biomarker	Evidence for role in inflammatory arthritis	Use
Inflammatory proteins
C-reactive protein	Opsonisation and compliment activation	RA
Calprotectin (S100A12)	Ca²⁺ binding protein released upon phagocyte activation, important intracellular and extracellular roles	RA/PsA
Calgranulin (S100A8/S100A9)	Ca²⁺ binding protein with pleotropic effects. Regulates myeloid derived cells	PsA
A-SAA	Promotes the production of MMPs	RA/PsA
Cytokines
IL-1	Promotes activation of keratocytes, endothelial cells, chondrocytes and osteoclasts. Promotes the production of proinflammatory cytokines	PsA
IL-6	Promotes neutrophil chemotaxis and production of proinflammatory cytokines, induces an acute phase response	RA
IL-13	Promotes antibody production by B cells	RA
IL-15	Induces T cell proliferation and B cell differentiation. Recruits memory T cells to the synovium and induces TNFα production	PsA
IL-16	Promotes chemotaxis of CD4⁺ T cells, monocytes and eosinophils. Modulates T-cell activation	RA
IL-22	Induces proliferation of fibroblasts and production of MCP-1 (monocyte chemokine)	RA
IL-33	Promotes chronic inflammatory response	RA
Chemokines
CCL3	Lymphocyte, monocyte, basophil, eosinophil chemoattractant	PsA
CCL11	Eosinophil chemoattractant	PsA
CXCL13	B-cell chemoattractant	RA
Adipokines
Adiponectin	Induces IL-6 and MMP-1 production by SLFs. Promotes IL-6, TNFα and MCP-1 production in chondrocytes	RA
Visfatin	Role unclear, thought to modulate inflammation	RA
Markers of angiogenesis
VEGF	Potent inducer of angiogenesis and vascular permeability	RA/PsA
Angiopotietin-1	Promotes angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels)	RA
Angiopotietin-2	Promotes angiogenesis	PsA
Auto-antibodies
Rheumatoid factor	Forms immune complexes, promotes complement activation and formation of rheumatoid nodules	RA
Anti-CCP	Promotes complement activation	RA
Anti-Carp	Bind homocitrulline containing proteins	RA
Enzyme mediators of destruction
MMP-1	Degrades collagen	RA
MMP-3	Degrades collagen	RA
Regulators of bone remodelling
RANKL	Induces osteoclast bone destruction	PsA
M-CSF	Induces aggressive phenotype in macrophages	PsA
Products of collagen degradation
COMP	Cartilage oligomatrix protein	RA
CTXI	C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I	RA
CTXII	C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I	RA
C1,2C	Collagen type II degradation product	RA
C2C	Collagen type II degradation product	RA

Candidate biomarkers predictive of joint damage in RA and PsA have been identified in the literature. These include inflammatory proteins, cytokines, chemokines, adipokines, markers of angiogenesis, auto-antibodies, enzyme mediators of destruction, molecules that regulate bone turnover and products of collagen degradation. For references see text. A-SAA acute-phase serum amyloid A; anti-Carp, anti-carbamylated protein antibodies; CCL, chemokine ligand; CCP, cyclic citrullinated peptide; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C) motif ligand; IL, interleukin; M-CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; PsA, psoriatic arthritis; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand; SLF, synovium-like fibroblasts; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor

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ISSN: 1478-6362

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