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Table 2 Bivariate analysis according to each specific entity and the occurrence of 25(OH)D deficiency (25(OH)D <20 ng/ml)

From: Vitamin D deficiency in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases: results of the cardiovascular in rheumatology [CARMA] study

 

All

Rheumatoid arthritis

Ankylosing spondylitis

Psoriatic arthritis

Controls

Variables

Total

25OHD <20

25OHD ≥20

p

25OHD <20

25OHD ≥20

p

25OHD <20

25OHD ≥20

p

25OHD <20

25OHD ≥20

p

25OHD <20

25OHD ≥20

p

Female, n (%)

1545 (53.1)

554 (51.2)

796 (55.0)

0.054

220 (70.1)

280 (79.5)

0.005

92 (31.4)

81 (23.9)

0.035

127 (43.1)

162 (48.1)

0.206

115 (63.5)

273 (65.2)

0.703

Age beginning disease, years, mean (SD)

40.5 (14.5)

40.4 (14.5)

41.4 (14.7)

0.079

45.8 (13)

46.1 (13.6)

0.743

30.1 (11.7)

29.6 (11.8)

0.620

39.2 (13.1)

39.4 (13.3)

0.846

49.4 (12.6)

48.5 (12.2)

0.406

Disease duration, years, mean (SD)

11.03 (10.4)

11.5 (10.2)

10.7 (10.5)

0.005

10.1 (8.5)

10.4 (9.1)

0.782

17.6 (11.9)

17.72 (12.1)

0.950

11.2 (8.4)

11.4 (9.3)

0.983

4.4 (6.9)

4.5 (6.2)

0.321

Educational level, n (%)

 Elementary

1693 (58.6)

646 (60.4)

819 (56.8)

0.071

212 (68.6)

242 (68.9)

0.926

176 (60.7)

182 (53.8)

0.84

173 (59.5)

200 (59.5)

0.985

85 (47.5)

195 (46.9)

0.891

 University/secondary

1194 (41.4)

423 (39.6)

622 (43.2)

97 (31.4)

109 (31.1)

114 (39.3)

156 (46.2)

118 (40.5)

136 (40.5)

94 (52.5)

221 (53.1)

Smoking status, n (%)

 Current smokers

743 (25.5)

303 (28.0)

335 (23.2)

 

83 (24.4)

76 (21.6)

 

107 (36.5)

113 (33.3)

 

59 (20.0)

73 (21.6)

 

54 (30.0)

73 (17.4)

 

 Past smokers

845 (29.0)

332 (30.7)

407 (28.1)

0.001

86 (27.4)

92 (26.1)

0.226

95 (32.4)

107 (31.6)

0.530

101 (34.2)

104 (30.9)

0.650

50 (27.8)

104 (24.8)

<0.001

 Never smokers

1322 (45.5)

447 (41.3)

705 (48.7)

 

145 (46.2)

184 (52.3)

 

91 (31.1)

119 (35.1)

 

135 (45.8)

160 (47.5)

 

76 (42.2)

242 (57.8)

 

Obesity (BMI ≥30), n (%)

2184 (75.0)

327 (30.2)

308 (21.3)

0.001

88 (28.0)

71 (20.2)

0.018

83 (28.3)

75 (22.1)

0.072

102 (34.7)

89 (26.5)

0.025

54 (30.0)

73 (17.5)

0.001

Main physical activity, n (%)

 Sedentary

1043 (39.8)

380 (39.3)

553 (40.8)

 

92 (34.3)

113 (36.1)

 

103 (39.6)

120 (38.7)

 

110 (41.5)

119 (39.1)

 

75 (42.9)

181 (47.6)

 

 Moderate

976 (37.2)

363 (37.5)

472 (36.1)

0.734

113 (42.2)

136 (43.5)

0.669

90 (34.6)

109 (35.2)

0.976

100 (37.7)

107 (35.2)

0.386

60 (34.3)

120 (31.6)

0.576

 Active with displacement

604 (23.0)

225 (23.2)

302 (23.1)

 

63 (23.5)

64 (20.4)

 

67 (25.8)

81 (26.1)

 

55 (20.8)

78 (25.7)

 

40 (22.9)

79 (20.8)

 

Sunshine hours /month*, median (p25 − p75)

189 (138–269)

161 (122–225)

210 (159–320)

<0.001

156 (101–193)

184 (141–234)

<0.001

161 (122–202)

200 (157–251)

<0.001

159 (103–200)

201 (150–263)

<0.001

252 (162–345)

303 (202–345)

0.031

Clinical characteristics

ESR (mm/h), median (p25 − p75)

-

-

-

-

18.0 (9.0–28.0)

16.0 (9.0–30.0)

0.631

10.0 (6.0–23.2)

11.0 (6.0–19.0)

0.691

12.0 (5.0–21.0)

12.0 (6.0–21.0)

0.471

11.0 (5.0–18.0)

10.0 (5.0–18.0)

0.189

CRP (mg/l), median (p25 − p75)

-

-

-

-

3.1 (1.4–8.0)

3.0 (1.0–7.3)

0.543

4.1 (1.5–10.6)

3.2 (1.6–7.6)

0.333

3.0 (1.4– 6.1)

2.9 (1.3–6.2)

0.449

2.0 (0.9–4.1)

1.9 (1.0–3.2)

0.358

RF positive, n (%)

-

-

-

-

252 (80.3)

264 (75.0)

0.105

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

ACPA positive, n (%)

-

-

-

-

210 (66.9)

205 (58.2)

0.022

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Erosions, n (%)

-

-

-

-

143 (45.5)

169 (48.0)

0.524

-

-

-

79 (26.8)

92 (27.3)

0.883

-

-

-

DAS28-ESR, median (p25 − p75)

-

-

-

-

3.0 (2.2–3.8)

3.0 (2.3–4.0)

0.937

-

-

-

2.8 (1.9–3.9)

2.9 (2.0–3.9)

0.807

-

-

-

HAQ (0–3), median (p25 − p75)

-

-

-

-

0.5 (0.1–1.1)

0.6 (0.1–1.2)

0.193

-

-

-

0.2 (0.0–1.0)

0.3 (0.0–1.9)

0.601

-

-

-

HLA-B27, n (%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

218 (74.4)

275 (81.1)

0.042

 

-

-

-

-

-

BASDAI (0–10), median (p25 − p75)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3.8 (1.8–5.3)

3.3 (1.8–5.0)

0.042

-

-

-

-

-

-

BASFI (0–10), median (p25 − p75)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3.7 (1.6–5.8)

2.7 (1.2–4.7)

0.018

-

-

-

-

-

-

Treatment

Biologic DMARD, n (%)

-

-

-

-

123 (39.2)

150 (42.6)

0.367

145 (49.5)

158 (46.6)

0.470

132 (44.7)

142 (42.1)

0.509

-

-

-

 Vitamin D, n (%)

659 (22.6)

198 (18.3)

392 (27.1)

<0.001

120 (38.2)

166 (47.2)

0.020

23 (7.8)

53 (15.6)

0.003

32 (10.8)

68 (20.2)

0.001

23 (12.7)

105 (25.1)

<0.001

 Calcium supplements, n (%)

623 (21.4)

191 (17.6)

353 (24.4)

<0.001

118 (37.6)

163 (46.3)

0.023

20 (6.8)

42 (12.4)

0.019

33 (11.2)

56 (16.6)

0.050

20 (11.0)

92 (22.0)

0.002

  1. *Hours of sunshine per month considering the period of time between 60 and 90 days prior to the baseline visit (blood test to determine the levels of 25(OH)D was performed at the baseline visit). 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, BMI body mass index, p25 − p75 25th to 75th percentile, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP C-reactive protein, RF rheumatoid factor, ACPA anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, DAS28-ESR, disease activity score using 28 joints-erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HAQ (0–3): health assessment questionnaire, HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27, BASDAI (0–10) Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index, BASFI (0–10) Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index, DMARD disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
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Arthritis Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1478-6362

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