Table 3 Multivariate analysis of 25(OH)D deficiency (25(OH)D levels <20 ng/ml) in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases
All | Rheumatoid arthritis | Ankylosing spondylitis | Psoriatic arthritis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | p | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | p | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | p | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | p |
(95 % CI) | (95 % CI) | (95 % CI) | (95 % CI) | (95 % CI) | (95 % CI) | (95 % CI) | (95 % CI) | |||||
Kind of disease (ref. controls) | ||||||||||||
Rheumatoid arthritis | 2.07 (1.53, 2.79) | 1.46 (1.09, 1.96) | 0.012 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
Ankylosing spondylitis | 2.00 (1.46, 2.74) | 1.23 (0.85, 1.80) | 0.273 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
Psoriatic arthritis | 2.03 (1.46, 2.81) | 1.32 (0.94, 1.84) | 0.110 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
Age beginning disease | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.985 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.324 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.715 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.688 |
Sex (ref. male) | 0.86 (0.74, 0.99) | 1.06 (0.88, 1.27) | 0.561 | 0.60 (0.43, 0.85) | 0.64 (0.42, 0.97) | 0.037 | 1.46 (1.07, 1.99) | 1.54 (1.10, 2.17) | 0.013 | 0.82 (0.61, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.66, 1.37) | 0.781 |
Disease duration, years | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.894 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.971 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.841 | 0.998 (0.980, 1.015) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.581 |
Educational level (ref. elementary) | ||||||||||||
University/secondary | 0.86 (0.67, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.29) | 0.963 | 1.02 (0.71, 1.45) | 1.17 (0.69, 1.72) | 0.430 | 0.76 (0.52, 1.10) | 0.81 (0.55, 1.19) | 0.280 | 1.00 (0.67, 1.50) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.41) | 0.765 |
Smoking status (ref. current smokers) | ||||||||||||
Past smokers | 0.90 (0.74, 1.10) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.13) | 0.387 | 0.86 (0.58, 1.26) | 0.80 (0.49, 1.29) | 0.354 | 0.94 (0.62, 1.41) | 1.11 (0.72, 1.70) | 0.639 | 1.20 (0.77, 1.88) | 1.20 (0.72, 1.99) | 0.480 |
Never smokers | 0.70 (0.57, 0.86) | 0.73 (0.58, 0.91) | 0.005 | 0.72 (0.51, 1.02) | 0.74 (0.50, 1.11) | 0.144 | 0.81 (0.53, 1.22) | 0.84 (0.56, 1.26) | 0.404 | 1.04 (0.66, 1.64) | 1.12 (0.67, 1.87) | 0.662 |
Obesity (BMI ≥30. kg/m2) | 1.60 (1.32, 1.94) | 1.96 (1.28, 1.90) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.09, 2.17) | 1.76 (1.18, 2.62) | 0.006 | 1.39 (0.93, 2.09) | 1.20 (0.78, 1.86) | 0.408 | 1.47 (1.04, 2.09) | 1.41 (0.98, 2.05) | 0.067 |
Sunshine hours/month* | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.001 | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.001 | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | <0.001 |
HAQ (0–3) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.384 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||||
ACPA-positive | -- | -- | 1.45 (1.00, 2.09) | 1.45 (0.99, 2.12) | 0.056 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
HLA-B27 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) | 0.70 (0.48, 1.02) | 0.062 | -- | -- | |||
BASFI (0–10) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) | 0.070 | -- | -- | |||
Vitamin D therapy | 0.60 (0.47, 0.77) | 0.57 (0.43, 0.76) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.48, 0.99) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.18) | 0.245 | 0.46 (0.26, 0.81) | 0.43 (0.26, 0.81) | 0.008 | 0.48 (0.28, 0.82) | 0.54 (0.29, 1.01) | 0.053 |