From: Gout, not hyperuricemia alone, impairs left ventricular diastolic function
Variables | First (<6.5 mg/dL) (n = 54) | Second (>6.5 and <8.5 mg/dL) (n = 59) | Third (>8.5 mg/dL) (n = 60) | P value | Normo-uricemia (n = 35) | Hyperuricemia (n = 30) | Gout (n = 108) | P value | Non-gout (n = 65) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 56.86 ± 15.36 | 55.79 ± 11.68 | 58.44 ± 13.38 | 0.56 | 53.54 ± 15.64 | 56.96 ± 16.07 | 58.20 ± 11.76 | 0.20 | 55.09 ± 16.17 | 0.154 |
Men | 42 (78Â %) | 54 (92Â %) | 54 (90Â %) | 0.064 | 26 (74Â %) | 27 (90Â %) | 97 (90Â %) | 0.06 | 50 (81Â %) | 0.079 |
Body surface area (m2) | 1.70 ± 0.20 | 1.83 ± 0.22* | 1.81 ± 0.18* | 0.002 | 1.68 ± 0.19 | 1.77 ± 0.16 | 1.82 ± 0.20* | 0.003 | 1.72 ± 0.18* | 0.004 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.03 ± 1.07 | 7.63 ± 0.52* | 10.05 ± 1.17*†| <0.001 | 4.96 ± 1.04 | 8.87 ± 1.42* | 8.19 ± 2.04* | <0.001 | 6.68 ± 2.3** | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 ± 0.43 | 1.19 ± 0.38 | 1.34 ± 1.4 | 0.115 | 0.83 ± 0.19 | 1.01 ± 0.13 | 1.34 ± 1.09* | 0.006 | 0.9 ± 0.19** | <0.001 |
eGFR | 81.68 ± 32.80 | 81.33 ± 34.91 | 74.53 ± 31.12 | 0.41 | 90.14 ± 30.08 | 80.67 ± 29.21 | 75.05 ± 34.20 | 0.059 | 85.77 ± 29.83** | 0.038 |
Diabetes mellitus | 3 (6Â %) | 2 (3Â %) | 6 (10Â %) | 0.322 | 2 (6Â %) | 3 (10Â %) | 6 (6Â %) | 0.60 | 5 (8Â %) | 0.492 |
Hypertension | 11 (20Â %) | 12 (20Â %) | 15 (25Â %) | 0.781 | 8 (23Â %) | 8 (27Â %) | 22 (20Â %) | 0.78 | 16 (26Â %) | 0.362 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 14 (26Â %) | 20 (34Â %) | 19 (32Â %) | 0.641 | 17 (49Â %) | 13 (43Â %) | 45 (42Â %) | 0.79 | 17 (27Â %) | 0.493 |
Smoking | 6 (11Â %) | 13 (22Â %) | 6 (10Â %) | 0.123 | 5 (14Â %) | 5 (17Â %) | 15 (14Â %) | 0.95 | 10 (16Â %) | 0.657 |
LV dimensions and volume | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
IVS (mm) | 9.51 ± 1.32 | 10.65 ± 1.8* | 10.45 ± 1.82* | 0.001 | 9.37 ± 1.61 | 10.27 ± 1.85 | 10.49 ± 1.66* | 0.004 | 9.79 ± 1.81** | 0.017 |
LVEDd (mm) | 46.76 ± 5.94 | 48.12 ± 4.97 | 47.79 ± 5.72 | 0.404 | 45.80 ± 6.11 | 47.15 ± 4.47 | 48.27 ± 5.53 | 0.06 | 46.36 ± 5.52** | 0.031 |
PW (mm) | 9.85 ± 1.35 | 11.15 ± 1.52* | 10.94 ± 1.86* | <0.001 | 9.89 ± 1.56 | 10.64 ± 1.71 | 10.93 ± 1.64* | 0.006 | 10.21 ± 1.66** | 0.007 |
LVESd (mm) | 26.37 ± 4.55 | 27.05 ± 4.29 | 27.04 ± 4.36 | 0.643 | 25.64 ± 4.77 | 27.31 ± 3.77 | 27.08 ± 4.38 | '0.19 | 26.32 ± 4.43 | 0.255 |
LV mass (g/m) | 159.6 ± 44.48 | 195.18 ± 48.37* | 192.24 ± 56.28* | <0.001 | 154.11 ± 48.92 | 177.80 ± 41.77 | 193.90 ± 52.59 | * < 0.001 | 164.54 ± 47.97** | <0.001 |
LV mass index (g/m2) | 93.78 ± 25.09 | 107.57 ± 28.39* | 106.2 ± 30.61* | 0.019 | 91.14 ± 27.03 | 100.56 ± 24.09 | 107.18 ± 29.51 | *0.01 | 95.4 ± 26.57** | 0.009 |
LVEDV (mL) | 69.33 ± 19.61 | 77.29 ± 20.37 | 72.75 ± 20.21 | 0.11 | 66.97 ± 20.19 | 68.80 ± 19.80 | 76.49 ± 19.81* | 0.02 | 67.73 ± 20.36** | 0.008 |
LVEDV index (mL/m2) | 40.83 ± 11.46 | 42.29 ± 10.81 | 40.11 ± 10.29 | 0.538 | 39.55 ± 10.33 | 38.51 ± 9.87 | 42.28 ± 11.12 | 0.15 | 39.09 ± 10.3 | 0.066 |
LVESV (mL) | 19.59 ± 8.14 | 22.12 ± 8.55 | 20.07 ± 7.48 | 0.205 | 18.54 ± 7.28 | 19.67 ± 9.25 | 21.56 ± 7.91 | 0.12 | 19.26 ± 8.35 | 0.105 |
LVESV index (mL/m2) | 11.62 ± 5.19 | 12.1 ± 4.76 | 11.07 ± 4.03 | 0.404 | 10.96 ± 3.91 | 10.93 ± 4.84 | 11.98 ± 4.82 | 0.37 | 11.08 ± 4.4 | 0.265 |
LV systolic function | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
LVEF (%) | 73.99 ± 9.2 | 74.28 ± 7.22 | 73.82 ± 7.26 | 0.95 | 72.57 ± 5.42 | 72.50 ± 6.98 | 71.95 ± 6.08 | 0.83 | 73.67 ± 8.84 | 0.671 |
LV diastolic function | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
E (m/s) | 0.71 ± 0.15 | 0.66 ± 0.13 | 0.67 ± 0.17 | 0.117 | 0.78 ± 0.15 | 0.65 ± 0.14 | 0.67 ± 0.15 | 0.31 | 0.69 ± 0.15 | 0.475 |
A (m/s) | 0.74 ± 0.2 | 0.73 ± 0.2 | 0.75 ± 0.19 | 0.872 | 0.71 ± 0.17 | 0.75 ± 0.22 | 0.74 ± 0.19 | 0.74 | 0.74 ± 0.2 | 0.853 |
E/A | 1.03 ± 0.35 | 0.99 ± 0.36 | 0.95 ± 0.34 | 0.514 | 1.05 ± 0.38 | 0.92 ± 0.30 | 0.98 ± 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.99 ± 0.36 | 0.895 |
Em (cm/s) | 8.12 ± 2.82 | 7.34 ± 2.22 | 7.24 ± 2.04 | 0.102 | 8.79 ± 3.04 | 7.94 ± 2.15 | 7.03 ± 2.02* | <0.001 | 8.45 ± 2.7** | 0.001 |
Am (cm/s) | 8.42 ± 1.57 | 8.93 ± 1.74 | 9.14 ± 2.2 | 0.117 | 8.24 ± 1.54 | 9.01 ± 2.14 | 8.98 ± 1.87 | 0.11 | 8.69 ± 1.88 | 0.414 |
Em/Am | 1.02 ± 0.5 | 0.86 ± 0.38 | 0.85 ± 0.34 | 0.05 | 1.14 ± 0.57 | 0.94 ± 0.40 | 0.82 ± 0.31* | <0.001 | 1.05 ± 0.52** | 0.001 |
E/Em | 9.49 ± 3.05 | 9.47 ± 2.48 | 9.67 ± 3.12 | 0.918 | 8.58 ± 2.07 | 8.79 ± 3.31 | 10.07 ± 2.91* | 0.008 | 8.72 ± 2.74** | 0.004 |
Maximal LAVi (mL/m2) | 12.94 ± 5.80 | 16.45 ± 6.59* | 15.77 ± 7.18 | 0.013 | 11.49 ± 3.36 | 12.71 ± 4.20 | 16.96 ± 7.39*f | <0.001 | 20.34 ± 4.86** | <0.001 |
Moderate-to-severe LV diastolic dysfunction | 7 (13Â %) | 9 (15Â %) | 14 (23Â %) | 0.301 | 2 (6Â %) | 3 (10Â %) | 25 (23Â %) | 0.02 | 5(8Â %)** | 0.016 |