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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients grouped by tertiles of serum uric acid and gout

From: Gout, not hyperuricemia alone, impairs left ventricular diastolic function

Variables

First (<6.5 mg/dL) (n = 54)

Second (>6.5 and <8.5 mg/dL) (n = 59)

Third (>8.5 mg/dL) (n = 60)

P value

Normo-uricemia (n = 35)

Hyperuricemia (n = 30)

Gout (n = 108)

P value

Non-gout (n = 65)

P value

Age (years)

56.86 ± 15.36

55.79 ± 11.68

58.44 ± 13.38

0.56

53.54 ± 15.64

56.96 ± 16.07

58.20 ± 11.76

0.20

55.09 ± 16.17

0.154

Men

42 (78 %)

54 (92 %)

54 (90 %)

0.064

26 (74 %)

27 (90 %)

97 (90 %)

0.06

50 (81 %)

0.079

Body surface area (m2)

1.70 ± 0.20

1.83 ± 0.22*

1.81 ± 0.18*

0.002

1.68 ± 0.19

1.77 ± 0.16

1.82 ± 0.20*

0.003

1.72 ± 0.18*

0.004

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.03 ± 1.07

7.63 ± 0.52*

10.05 ± 1.17*†

<0.001

4.96 ± 1.04

8.87 ± 1.42*

8.19 ± 2.04*

<0.001

6.68 ± 2.3**

<0.001

Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.0 ± 0.43

1.19 ± 0.38

1.34 ± 1.4

0.115

0.83 ± 0.19

1.01 ± 0.13

1.34 ± 1.09*

0.006

0.9 ± 0.19**

<0.001

eGFR

81.68 ± 32.80

81.33 ± 34.91

74.53 ± 31.12

0.41

90.14 ± 30.08

80.67 ± 29.21

75.05 ± 34.20

0.059

85.77 ± 29.83**

0.038

Diabetes mellitus

3 (6 %)

2 (3 %)

6 (10 %)

0.322

2 (6 %)

3 (10 %)

6 (6 %)

0.60

5 (8 %)

0.492

Hypertension

11 (20 %)

12 (20 %)

15 (25 %)

0.781

8 (23 %)

8 (27 %)

22 (20 %)

0.78

16 (26 %)

0.362

Hypercholesterolemia

14 (26 %)

20 (34 %)

19 (32 %)

0.641

17 (49 %)

13 (43 %)

45 (42 %)

0.79

17 (27 %)

0.493

Smoking

6 (11 %)

13 (22 %)

6 (10 %)

0.123

5 (14 %)

5 (17 %)

15 (14 %)

0.95

10 (16 %)

0.657

LV dimensions and volume

          

IVS (mm)

9.51 ± 1.32

10.65 ± 1.8*

10.45 ± 1.82*

0.001

9.37 ± 1.61

10.27 ± 1.85

10.49 ± 1.66*

0.004

9.79 ± 1.81**

0.017

LVEDd (mm)

46.76 ± 5.94

48.12 ± 4.97

47.79 ± 5.72

0.404

45.80 ± 6.11

47.15 ± 4.47

48.27 ± 5.53

0.06

46.36 ± 5.52**

0.031

PW (mm)

9.85 ± 1.35

11.15 ± 1.52*

10.94 ± 1.86*

<0.001

9.89 ± 1.56

10.64 ± 1.71

10.93 ± 1.64*

0.006

10.21 ± 1.66**

0.007

LVESd (mm)

26.37 ± 4.55

27.05 ± 4.29

27.04 ± 4.36

0.643

25.64 ± 4.77

27.31 ± 3.77

27.08 ± 4.38

'0.19

26.32 ± 4.43

0.255

LV mass (g/m)

159.6 ± 44.48

195.18 ± 48.37*

192.24 ± 56.28*

<0.001

154.11 ± 48.92

177.80 ± 41.77

193.90 ± 52.59

* < 0.001

164.54 ± 47.97**

<0.001

LV mass index (g/m2)

93.78 ± 25.09

107.57 ± 28.39*

106.2 ± 30.61*

0.019

91.14 ± 27.03

100.56 ± 24.09

107.18 ± 29.51

*0.01

95.4 ± 26.57**

0.009

LVEDV (mL)

69.33 ± 19.61

77.29 ± 20.37

72.75 ± 20.21

0.11

66.97 ± 20.19

68.80 ± 19.80

76.49 ± 19.81*

0.02

67.73 ± 20.36**

0.008

LVEDV index (mL/m2)

40.83 ± 11.46

42.29 ± 10.81

40.11 ± 10.29

0.538

39.55 ± 10.33

38.51 ± 9.87

42.28 ± 11.12

0.15

39.09 ± 10.3

0.066

LVESV (mL)

19.59 ± 8.14

22.12 ± 8.55

20.07 ± 7.48

0.205

18.54 ± 7.28

19.67 ± 9.25

21.56 ± 7.91

0.12

19.26 ± 8.35

0.105

LVESV index (mL/m2)

11.62 ± 5.19

12.1 ± 4.76

11.07 ± 4.03

0.404

10.96 ± 3.91

10.93 ± 4.84

11.98 ± 4.82

0.37

11.08 ± 4.4

0.265

LV systolic function

          

LVEF (%)

73.99 ± 9.2

74.28 ± 7.22

73.82 ± 7.26

0.95

72.57 ± 5.42

72.50 ± 6.98

71.95 ± 6.08

0.83

73.67 ± 8.84

0.671

LV diastolic function

          

E (m/s)

0.71 ± 0.15

0.66 ± 0.13

0.67 ± 0.17

0.117

0.78 ± 0.15

0.65 ± 0.14

0.67 ± 0.15

0.31

0.69 ± 0.15

0.475

A (m/s)

0.74 ± 0.2

0.73 ± 0.2

0.75 ± 0.19

0.872

0.71 ± 0.17

0.75 ± 0.22

0.74 ± 0.19

0.74

0.74 ± 0.2

0.853

E/A

1.03 ± 0.35

0.99 ± 0.36

0.95 ± 0.34

0.514

1.05 ± 0.38

0.92 ± 0.30

0.98 ± 0.34

0.32

0.99 ± 0.36

0.895

Em (cm/s)

8.12 ± 2.82

7.34 ± 2.22

7.24 ± 2.04

0.102

8.79 ± 3.04

7.94 ± 2.15

7.03 ± 2.02*

<0.001

8.45 ± 2.7**

0.001

Am (cm/s)

8.42 ± 1.57

8.93 ± 1.74

9.14 ± 2.2

0.117

8.24 ± 1.54

9.01 ± 2.14

8.98 ± 1.87

0.11

8.69 ± 1.88

0.414

Em/Am

1.02 ± 0.5

0.86 ± 0.38

0.85 ± 0.34

0.05

1.14 ± 0.57

0.94 ± 0.40

0.82 ± 0.31*

<0.001

1.05 ± 0.52**

0.001

E/Em

9.49 ± 3.05

9.47 ± 2.48

9.67 ± 3.12

0.918

8.58 ± 2.07

8.79 ± 3.31

10.07 ± 2.91*

0.008

8.72 ± 2.74**

0.004

Maximal LAVi (mL/m2)

12.94 ± 5.80

16.45 ± 6.59*

15.77 ± 7.18

0.013

11.49 ± 3.36

12.71 ± 4.20

16.96 ± 7.39*f

<0.001

20.34 ± 4.86**

<0.001

Moderate-to-severe LV diastolic dysfunction

7 (13 %)

9 (15 %)

14 (23 %)

0.301

2 (6 %)

3 (10 %)

25 (23 %)

0.02

5(8 %)**

0.016

  1. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage). *P <0.05 versus group with uric acid (UA) ≤6.5 mg/dL group or normo-uricemic group. **P <0.05 compared with gout group. † P <0.05 versus group with UA >6.5 and ≤8.5 mg/Dl or the hyperuricemic group. Moderate-to-severe LV diastolic dysfunction: (1) pseudonormal pattern: 0.75 ≤ E/A ratio <1.5 and E/Em ratio >10 and (2) restrictive pattern: E/A ratio ≥1.5 and E/Em ratio >10. eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, A late diastolic peak transmitral flow velocity, Am peak late diastolic annular velocity, E early diastolic peak transmitral flow velocity, Em peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity, IVS interventricular septum, LAVi left atrial volume index, LV left ventricle, LVEDd LV end-diastolic diameter, LVEDV LV end-diastolic volume, LVEF LV ejection fraction, LVESd LV end-systolic diameter, LVESV LV end-systolic volume, PW posterior wall thickness