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Table 1 Distribution of variables used in the study

From: A low cortisol response to stress is associated with musculoskeletal pain combined with increased pain sensitivity in young adults: a longitudinal cohort study

 

Females, n (%)

Males, n (%)

Cortisol response group

  

 Cluster 1

126 (34)

94 (21)

 Cluster 2

173 (47)

238 (54)

 Cluster 3

67 (18)

107 (24)

Oral contraceptive use

  

 No

227 (62)

 

 Yes

139 (38)

 

Smoking

  

 No

324 (89)

355 (82)

 Yes

41 (11)

79 (18)

Body mass index

  

 Normal

261 (72)

313 (72)

 Overweight

58 (16)

79 (18)

 Obese

43 (12)

41 (10)

Physical activity level

  

 0 h/wk

139 (45)

108 (32)

 0.1–4.9 h/wk

112 (37)

114 (34)

  ≥ 5.0 h/wk

56 (18)

117 (35)

Depressive symptoms

  

 Minimal

219 (72)

309 (86)

 Mild

42 (14)

33 (9)

 Moderate to severe

42 (14)

16 (5)

MS pain

  

 No

160 (58)

188 (67)

 Yes

117 (42)

92 (33)

MS pain and CPT > P50a

  

 No

193 (77)

218 (85)

 Yes

57 (23)

37 (15)

MS pain and PPT < P50b

  

 No

189 (76)

227 (86)

 Yes

59 (24)

37 (14)

Pain problem severity indexc

  

 Low

204 (74)

210 (75)

 Highc

73 (26)

70 (25)

High painc and CPT > P50a

  

 No

215 (86)

228 (89)

 Yes

35 (14)

27 (11)

High painc and PPT < P50b

  

 No

219 (88)

235 (89)

 Yes

29 (12)

29 (11)

  1. MS musculoskeletal, CPT cold pain threshold, PPT pressure pain threshold
  2. aMedian (P50) CPT = 15 °C in females and 7 °C in males
  3. bMedian (P50) PPT = 318 kPa in females and 419 kPa in males
  4. cHigh pain problem severity index = 15 or more in females and 9 or more in males