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Table 2 Descriptive statistics for covariates according to cortisol response groups

From: A low cortisol response to stress is associated with musculoskeletal pain combined with increased pain sensitivity in young adults: a longitudinal cohort study

 

Females, n (%)

 

Males, n (%)

 
 

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

p Valuea

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

p Valuea

Oral contraceptive use

   

<0.001

    

 No

112 (89)

106 (61)

9 (13)

     

 Yes

14 (11)

67 (39)

58 (87)

     

Smoking

   

0.085

   

0.300

 No

107 (85)

153 (89)

64 (96)

 

74 (79)

190 (81)

91 (87)

 

 Yes

19 (15)

19 (11)

3 (5)

 

20 (21)

45 (19)

14 (13)

 

Body mass index

   

0.073

   

0.955

 Normal

83 (67)

128 (74)

50 (76)

 

67 (73)

171 (73)

75 (71)

 

 Overweight

18 (15)

28 (16)

12 (18)

 

16 (17)

41 (18)

22 (21)

 

 Obese

23 (19)

16 (9)

4 (6)

 

9 (10)

23 (10)

9 (9)

 

Physical activity level

   

0.090

   

0.048

 0 h/wk

50 (48)

57 (40)

32 (53)

 

26 (38)

49 (27)

33 (38)

 

 0.1–4.9 h/wk

31 (30)

57 (40)

24 (39)

 

18 (26)

63 (34)

33 (38)

 

  ≥ 5.0 h/wk

23 (22)

28 (20)

5 (8)

 

25 (36)

72 (39)

20 (23)

 

Depressive symptoms

   

0.393

   

0.167

 Minimal

73 (70)

103 (73)

43 (75)

 

68 (91)

171 (86)

70 (82)

 

 Mild

12 (11)

22 (16)

8 (14)

 

2 (3)

20 (10)

11 (13)

 

 Moderate to severe

20 (19)

16 (11)

6 (11)

 

5 (7)

7 (4)

4 (5)

 
  1. a p Values derived from χ 2 test