Variable | Ever GC use (number, %) | Never GC use (number, %) | Univariate analysis* (odds ratio, 95 % CI) | Multivariate stepwise analysis (odds ratio, 95 % CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline demographics | Â | |||
Age (decades) |  |  | 1.02, 1.02–1.02** | 1.17, 1.14–1.20 |
Gender (female) | 5313, 68.32 % | 6153, 70.25 % | 0.94, 0.88–1.00 |  |
Current smoking (versus never) | 2147, 27.61 % | 2385, 27.23 % | 1.04, 1.00–1.08** | 1.22, 1.13–1.32 |
Baseline GC-associated comorbidities | Â | |||
Osteoporosis | 427, 5.49 % | 279, 3.19 % | 1.42, 1.21–1.66** |  |
Avascular necrosis | 7, 0.09 % | 4, 0.05 % | 1.68, 0.49–5.78 |  |
Myopathy | 14, 0.18 % | 10, 0.11 % | 1.35, 0.60–3.08 |  |
Diabetes mellitus | 603, 7.75 % | 699, 7.98 % | 0.85, 0.76–0.95** | 0.71, 0.62–0.82 |
Cardiovascular disease | 364, 4.68 % | 264, 3.01 % | 1.22, 1.04–1.44** | 1.25, 1.03–1.51 |
Hypertension | 1842, 23.69 % | 1754, 20.03 % | 0.98, 0.90–1.06 |  |
Hyperlipidaemia | 798, 10.26 % | 830, 9.48 % | 0.93, 0.84–1.04 | 0.86, 0.76–0.97 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 382, 4.91 % | 334, 3.81 % | 1.13, 0.97–1.32 |  |
Pancreatitis | 46, 0.59 % | 43, 0.49 % | 1.11, 0.73–1.70 |  |
Depression | 1684, 21.65 % | 1847, 21.09 % | 1.11, 1.03–1.19 ** |  |
Insomnia | 985, 12.67 % | 865, 9.88 % | 1.21, 1.10–1.34** |  |
Psychosis | 56, 0.72 % | 52, 0.59 % | 1.24, 0.84–1.81 |  |
Baseline inflammatory comorbidities | Â | |||
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 540, 6.94 % | 189, 2.16 % | 2.74, 2.31–3.25** | 1.63, 1.33–1.99 |
Asthma | 1492, 19.18 % | 925, 10.56 % | 2.07, 1.89–2.27** | 1.58, 1.42–1.76 |
Lower respiratory tract infection | 1717, 22.08 % | 1342, 15.44 % | 1.47, 1.35–1.59** | 1.22, 1.11–1.34 |
Inflammatory bowel disease | 78, 1.11 % | 63, 0.72 % | 1.35, 0.96–1.89 |  |
Cutaneous lupus | 13, 0.17 % | 11, 0.13 % | 1.30, 0.58–2.93 |  |
Cutaneous vasculitis | 6, 0.08 % | 0, 0.00 % | 1 | Â |
Atopic eczema | 1084, 13.94 % | 1127, 12.87 % | 1.10, 1.00–1.20** |  |
Baseline DMARD use | Â | |||
Methotrexate | 465, 5.98 % | 501, 5.72 % | 1.07, 0.93–1.22 | 0.80, 0.66–0.97 |
Sulfasalazine | 468, 6.02 % | 581, 6.63 % | 0.91, 0.80–1.03 | 0.69, 0.58–0.83 |
Hydroxychloroquine | 259, 3.33 % | 256, 2.92 % | 1.20, 1.00–1.43** |  |
Leflunomide | 105, 1.35 % | 71, 0.81 % | 1.83, 1.35–2.49** | 1.75, 1.18–2.59 |
Other DMARDs*** | 277, 3.56 % | 151, 1.72 % | 2.06, 1.68–2.52** | 1.68, 1.28–2.19 |