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Table 1 Participant demographics, clinical characteristics, and inflammation

From: A novel inflammatory biomarker, GlycA, associates with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis and cardio-metabolic risk in BMI-matched controls

 

Rheumatoid arthritis

(n = 50)

Controls

(n = 39)

Age (years)

55.4 ± 12.8

52.1 ± 11.4

Gender

  

 Female

35 (70 %)

27 (69 %)

 Male

15 (30 %)

12 (31 %)

Race

 

 Pacific Islander

1 (2 %)

0 (0 %)

 African American

14 (28 %)

12 (31 %)

 Caucasian

35 (70 %)

27 (69 %)

Clinical characteristics

 

 BMI (kg/m2)

30.5 ± 7.5

29.0 ± 5.3

 Waist circumference (cm)

95.3 ± 16.7

85.0 ± 27.9

 HAQ-DI

0.7 ± 0.7***

0 ± 0

 Pain (VAS) (mm)

40.1 ± 28.9***

9.8 ± 2.4

 Comorbidity index

1.6 ± 1.2**

0.6 ± 0.9

 DASESR-28

3.0 ± 1.4

NA

 Remission (DAS <2.6)

19 (40 %)

 

 Low activity (DAS 2.6–3.2)

8 (17 %)

 Moderate activity (DAS 3.2–5.1)

16 (33 %)

 High activity (DAS >5.1)

5 (10 %)

 RF positive

41/46

NA

 Anti-CCP positive

20/21

NA

 Radiograph erosions present

21/38

NA

Medication use

 

 Etanercept

10 (20 %)

NA

 Infliximab

2 (4 %)

NA

 Adalimumab

5 (10 %)

NA

 Abatacept

5 (10 %)

NA

 Methotrexate

38 (76 %)

NA

 Leflunomide

1 (2 %)

NA

 Sulfasalazine

0

NA

 Hydroxychloroquine

10 (20 %)

NA

 NSAID

18 (36 %)

NA

 Prednisone

12 (24 %)

NA

Systemic inflammation (mean ± SEM)

 

 ESR (mm/hour)

11.9 ± 1.7*

7.6 ± 2.6

 hsCRP (mg/l)

7.9 ± 1.2**

3.2 ± 0.7

 IL-1β (pg/ml)

0.8 ± 0.2*

0.7 ± 0.2

 IL-6 (pg/ml)

19.8 ± 7.3***

3.1 ± 0.3

 IL-8 (pg/ml)

10.9 ± 1.1*

17.8 ± 8.0

 IL-18 (pg/ml)

464.2 ± 21.1**

390.8 ± 21.8

 TNFα (pg/ml)

31.5 ± 5.0***

11.4 ± 8.6

Metabolic

  

 Fasting insulin (mU/l)

7.5 ± 7.5

7.5 ± 5.6

 Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

89.9 ± 13.6*

97.2 ± 11.4

 HOMA

1.7 ± 1.8

1.8 ± 1.5

IS index (×10–5.min−1/(pmol/l))

 

 Women

6.8 ± 6.5

8.4 ± 10.4

 Men

4.2 ± 3.3

5.3 ± 3.3

 Acute insulin response (pmol/l)

481 ± 523

324 ± 230

Adiposity and muscle

  

 Abdominal

  

  Total adipose area (cm2)

411 ± 201

400 ± 157

  Subcutaneous adiposity (cm2)

306 ± 155

275 ± 132

  Visceral adiposity (cm2)

105 ± 86

125 ± 96

 Liver density (Hu)

60 ± 11

59 ± 12

 Thigh

  

  Total thigh area (cm2)

250 ± 74

244 ± 59

  Subcutaneous adiposity (cm2)

124 ± 63

108 ± 51

  Intermuscular adiposity (cm2)

12 ± 7

12 ± 8

 Muscle area (cm2)

115 ± 37

124 ± 32

 Muscle density (Hu)

51 ± 6

52 ± 4

  1. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation or frequency (percentage) unless otherwise stated
  2. *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ***P <0.001 as compared with controls
  3. BMI body mass index, CCP cyclic citrullinated peptide, DAS Disease Activity Score, DAS ESR -28 Disease Activity Score with 28-joint count using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HAQ-DI Health Assessment Questionnaire—Disability Index, HOMA homeostasis model assessment, hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL interleukin, IS insulin sensitivity, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, RF rheumatoid factor, SEM standard error of the mean, TNFα tumor necrosis factor alpha, VAS visual analog scale, NA not applicable