Fig. 1

Sulforaphane and DMF induced Nrf2 activation in HRMCs. (a) Expression of active Nrf2 in HRMCs. Cells were treated with sulforaphane or DMF, and after 6 hours the nuclear lysates were prepared and the level of active nuclear Nrf2 binding to DNA was measured using ELISA. Results are shown as the ratio of Nrf2 to total protein. (b, c) mRNA levels of HO-1 and NQO1 expressions. HO-1 (b) and NQO1 (c) levels were determined using quantitative RT-PCR at 2 (white bars), 4 (gray bars), and 8 (black bars) hours after the stimulation. Data presented are relative mRNA level normalized to GAPDH. (d, e) HO-1 and NQO1 protein expression. Intracellular HO-1 (d) and NQO1 (e) concentrations were measured by ELISA 18 hours after the stimulation. Results are shown as the individual protein level to total protein (mean ± SD of three independent experiments). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Dunnett’s parametric test performed versus DMSO-stimulated group (–). DMF dimethyl fumarate, HO-1 heme oxygenase-1, NQO1 NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2