Table 1 Effects of estrogen-related drugs on joint tissues
From: Are estrogen-related drugs new alternatives for the management of osteoarthritis?
Tissue | Main effects |
|---|---|
Articular cartilage | Reduction of articular cartilage turnover and destruction, regulation of cartilage metabolism, improvement of mechanical properties |
Subchondral bone | Regulation of bone growth and remodeling, promotion of matrix production and mineralization, regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast development and function |
Synovial membrane | Decrease of the proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis-like synovial cells, decrease of proinflammatory cytokine production, reversion of experimental arthritis |
Muscle | Promotion of myoblast proliferation and differentiation, reduction of muscle cell apoptosis, reversion of muscle atrophy and contractile dysfunction |