Table 2 Effects of estrogen on joint tissues

Estradiol

In-vivo OVX + OA rabbits

Cartilage degeneration

[16]

β-estradiol

In-vivo OVX rabbits

Loss of glycosaminoglycans and collagen

[17]

17β-estradiol

In-vivo OVX rats

Decrease of CTX-II; prevention of cartilage lesions

[20]

17β-estradiol

In-vivo postmenopausal OA women

Decrease of 17β-estradiol after menopause

[21]

Estrogen

In-vivo postmenopausal OA women

Estrogen deficiency may lead to increase of serum IL-6

[22]

17β-estradiol

In-vivo murine with knee OA

Inhibition of tibial and patellar subchondral cortical thinning and tibial cartilage damage

[23]

17β-estradiol

In-vivo OVX + OA mice

Inhibition of bone resorption; decreased ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 expression

[19]

β-estradiol

In-vivo OA + OVX murine

Reduction of cartilage and bone turnover

[18]

β-estradiol

In-vivo OVX + ACLT murine

Regulation of intraarticular neurogenic inflammation

[24]

17β-estradiol

In-vivo OA + OVX murine

Potentiation of cartilage degradation and subchondral bone erosion and mRNA expression of Fas, FasL, caspase 3, and caspase 8

[25]

17β-estradiol

In-vitro rabbit chondrocytes

Upregulation of type II collagen gene

[26]

17β-estradiol

In-vitro cow mature joint cartilage

Prevention injury-related cell death and GAG release

[27]

17β-estradiol

In-vitro rabbit chondrocytes

Inhibition of doxorubicin-induced apoptosis

[28]

17β-estradiol

In-vitro rat OA chondrocytes

Promotion of chondrocyte proliferation

[29]

Oral estrogen

CSS osteoporotic white women

Reduction of risk of any hip OA

[31]

HRT

CSS women around menopause

Inverse association of current HRT use and radiological OA of the knee

[35]

Oral estrogen

CSS women with OA

No positive association of estrogen use with radiographic knee OA

[36]

ERT

CSS older women

Protection moderately against worsening of radiographic knee OA, but not statistically significant

[37]

ERT

CSS women

Nonsignificant protective effect for incident knee osteophytes

[38]

CEE

RCT community-dwelling women

Lower rates of any arthroplasty

[32]

Estrogen

CSS women

Lower subchondral bone attrition and bone marrow edema-like abnormalities

[33]

Estrogen

CSS, older women

No significant correlation with knee replacement of OA

[39]

HT

Prospective study, women around menopause

Correlation highly with the hip or knee replacement rates of OA

[40]

17β-estradiol

RCT postmenopausal OP women

Decrease of levels of COMP

[34]