Fig. 1

Urinary protein differences between patient groups. a Urinary protein levels for 85 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (60 active LN, 25 active non-LN) and 24 controls in the discovery cohort. Shown are hierarchical clustering results for the 128 analytes tested as measured by Luminex. Signal intensities were adjusted using SD scaling, with green indicating overexpression. Hierarchical clustering was performed on the samples (rows) and proteins (columns) using divisive analysis. b Log₂ fold-change of normalized protein abundance for comparisons between SLE patients and healthy controls (left column) and between active SLE patients with and without LN (right column). The size of the circles indicates the fold-change for the comparison, with orange circles indicating overexpression and blue circles indicating underexpression in all SLE patients (left column) or patients with LN (right column). The background in each row/column indicates the statistical significance of the comparison as determined by multivariate linear modeling followed by FDR correction