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Table 4 Determinants of lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS)

From: Frequency and predictors of the lupus low disease activity state in a multi-national and multi-ethnic cohort

Independent variable

Number (%) in LLDAS

Univariable logistic regression for LLDAS

Multivariable logistic regression for LLDAS

  

OR (95 % CI)

p

OR (95 % CI)

p

Ethnicitya

 Caucasian

63 (50.00)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Asian

700 (43.24)

0.76 (0.53–1.09)

0.14

1.23 (0.82–1.86)

0.31

Gender

 Female

758 (43.99)

Reference

 

N/A

 

 Male

52 (42.28)

0.93 (0.64–1.35)

0.71

 

Education

 Primary

113 (46.69)

Reference

 

N/A

 

 Secondary

229 (40.03)

0.76 (0.56–1.03)

0.21

 

 Tertiary

254 (41.10)

0.80 (0.59–1.07)

0.30

 

Age at diagnosis

 >30 years

407 (47.22)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 ≤30 years

397 (40.80)

0.77 (0.64–0.93)

0.006

0.86 (0.70–1.06)

0.16

Disease duration

 >1 year

765 (46.48)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 ≤1 year

34 (22.82)

0.34 (0.23–0.51)

<0.001

0.31 (0.19–0.49)

<0.001

Clinical featuresb

 Malar rash

  No

331 (43.61)

Reference

 

N/A

 

  Yes

479 (44.07)

1.02 (0.82–1.23)

0.85

 

 Discoid rash

  No

701 (45.05)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Yes

109 (37.59)

0.73 (0.57–0.95)

0.02

0.66 (0.49–0.89)

0.006

 Photosensitive

  No

562 (42.93)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Yes

248 (46.18)

1.14 (0.93–1.40)

0.20

1.18 (0.93–1.50)

0.16

 Mouth Ulcers

  No

527 (44.81)

Reference

 

N/A

 

  Yes

283 (42.24)

0.90 (0.74–1.09)

0.28

 

 Arthritis

  No

263 (41.03)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Yes

547 (45.39)

1.19 (0.98–1.45)

0.07

0.98 (0.78–1.23)

0.87

 Serositis

  No

673 (43.90)

Reference

 

N/A

 

  Yes

137 (43.77)

0.99 (0.78–1.27)

0.97

 

 Renal

  No

508 (48.71)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Yes

302 (37.61)

0.63 (0.53–0.77)

<0.001

0.60 (0.48–0.75)

<0.001

 Neurologic

  No

732 (43.42)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Yes

78 (48.75)

1.24 (0.90–1.72)

0.20

1.31 (0.90–1.91)

0.16

 Haematologic

  No

289 (39.70)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Yes

521 (46.60)

0.22 (0.03–1.76)

0.09

1.21 (0.97–1.51)

0.09

 Immunologic

  No

145 (48.59)

Reference

 

N/A

 

  Yes

665 (42.99)

0.80 (0.63–1.03)

0.08

 

 ANA

  No

101 (46.12)

Reference

 

N/A

 

  Yes

709 (43.58)

0.90 (0.68 − 1.20)

0.48

 

 Baseline damage

  SLICC-DI = 0

505 (44.84)

Reference

 

N/A

 

  SLICC-DI >0

308 (42.95)

1.00 (0.83–1.21)

0.96

 

 Current high anti-dsDNA

  No

434 (51.12)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Yes

341 (36.43)

0.55 (0.46–0.68)

<0.001

0.65 (0.53–0.81)

<0.001

 Current low complement

  No

636 (49.88)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Yes

142 (29.83)

0.45 (0.37–0.55)

<0.001

0.52 (0.40–0.67)

<0.001

 GDP ≤ $25,000c

324 (36.00)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 GDP > $25,000

486 (51.37)

1.89 (1.56–2.26)

<0.001

1.57 (1.25–1.98)

<0.001

  1. Multivariable model choice - variables with a p value ≤0.20 or clinical association in univariable regression were tested for multicolliniarity and confounding. Final variable list - GDP (PPP) per capita, ethnicity, age at diagnosis, disease duration, discoid rash, photosensitivity, arthritis, renal disease, neurologic disease, haematologic disease, dsDNA and complement. aEthnicity – no significant differences were seen between Asian ethnicity subgroups. bEver present, arthritis (two or more joints with tenderness, swelling or effusion), serositis (pleuritis or pericarditis), renal disorder (persistent proteinuria >0.5 g/day, or presence of cellular casts), neurologic disorder (seizures or psychosis not attributable to other causes), haematologic disorder (haemolytic anaemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia or thrombocytopenia), immunologic criteria (presence of anti-dsDNA antibody, anti-Sm antibody, or positive finding of antiphospholipid antibodies). cCountries with GPD < $25,000 - China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand; countries with GDP > $25,000 - Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan. GDP measured in US dollars. N/A variable not included in multivariable regression model
  2. LLDAS lupus low disease activity state, SLICC Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics, DI damage index, dsDNA double-stranded DNA, ANA antinuclear antibody, GDP gross domestic product
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Arthritis Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1478-6362

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