Table 2 Sequential explanatory model for marginal total healthcare expenditures in those with self-reported joint pain and/or arthritis

No reported joint pain and/or arthritis (reference)

–

–

–

–

–

Self-reported joint pain and/or arthritis

$6773^*

$4427^*

$3980^*

$2764^*

$1638^*

  18–24 (reference)

–

–

–

–

  25–44

$1571^*

$1873^*

$2381^*

$2372^*

  45–64

$3633^*

$3717^*

$3224^*

$3038^*

  65+

$6150^*

$3510^*

$2087^*

$1607^*

  Non-Hispanic white (reference)

–

–

–

–

  Non-Hispanic black

−$883^**

−$1053^**

−$1325^**

−$1287^*

  Non-Hispanic other

−$543

−$448

−$741

−$136

  Hispanic

−$2196^*

−$1960^*

−$1845^*

−$1683^*

  Male (reference)

–

–

–

–

  Female

$1053^*

$929^*

$1272^*

$1383^*

  Northeast (reference)

–

–

–

–

  Midwest

−$149

$78

−$101

−$168.78

  South

−$514

−$69

−$458

−$325.85

  West

$272

$489

$610

$746.14

  Rural (reference)

–

–

–

–

  Urban

$797^**

$1124^*

$1216^*

$1241^*

Enabling factors

   < $25,000 (reference)

–

–

–

  $25,000–$49,999

−$414

−$293

−$44

  $50,000–$74,999

$3

$444

$817

   > $75,000

$364

$1487^***

$1761^**

  Not employed (reference)

–

–

–

  Employed

−$3239

−$2654^*

−$2018^*

  Less than high school (reference)

–

–

–

  High school

$849^***

$1566^**

$1634^*

  College

$709

$1242^*

$1305^*

  Graduate school

$1515^**

$2493^*

$2457^*

  Any private (reference)

–

–

–

  Public only

$1526^***

$1639 ^***

$947

  No insurance

−$3615^*

−$3875^*

−$3943^*

  Married (reference)

–

–

–

  Separated/divorced/widowed

$63

$34

−$131

  Never married

−$55

$79

−$172

Need factors^****

 Asthma

$2428^*

$2001^*

 Diabetes

$3001^*

$2669^*

 Emphysema

$2476^***

$1559^***

 High blood pressure

$938^*

$876^*

 High cholesterol

$1149^*

$1194^*

 Stroke

$2683^*

$1727^***

 Depression

$3182^*

$1939^*

 CVD

$2814^*

$2375^*

  Underweight (reference)

–

–

  Normal

$726

$1200

  Overweight

$388

$732

  Obese

$534

$824

 Any limitations

$3308^*

 IADL

$2488^***

 ADL

$2284^***

 Walk limitations

$253