|
Variable
|
No acupuncture (n = 58,899)
|
Acupuncture (n = 58,899)
| | |
|---|
|
Events
|
Person-years
|
IR
|
Events
|
Person-years
|
IR
|
Crude HR (95% CI)
|
Adjusted HRa (95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Total
|
8133
|
212,027
|
38.36
|
4389
|
251,711
|
17.44
|
0.48 (0.46–0.50)b
|
0.43 (0.41–0.45)b
|
|
Sex
|
|
Female
|
4650
|
120,934
|
38.45
|
2488
|
141,235
|
17.62
|
0.48 (0.46–0.51)b
|
0.43 (0.41–0.45)b
|
|
Male
|
3483
|
91,093
|
38.24
|
1901
|
110,476
|
17.21
|
0.47 (0.45–0.5)b
|
0.45 (0.43–0.48)b
|
|
Age group, years
|
|
18–39
|
877
|
92,941
|
9.44
|
371
|
94,477
|
3.93
|
0.42 (0.38–0.48)b
|
0.39 (0.35–0.44)b
|
|
40–59
|
5059
|
99,271
|
50.96
|
2887
|
133,190
|
21.68
|
0.45 (0.43–0.47)b
|
0.42 (0.41–0.44)b
|
|
≥60
|
2197
|
19,814
|
110.88
|
1131
|
24,044
|
47.04
|
0.48 (0.45–0.52)b
|
0.47 (0.43–0.5)b
|
|
Baseline comorbidities
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
|
No
|
6227
|
193,111
|
32.25
|
3301
|
225,893
|
14.61
|
0.47 (0.45–0.5)b
|
0.44 (0.42–0.46)b
|
|
Yes
|
1906
|
18,916
|
100.76
|
1088
|
25,818
|
42.14
|
0.46 (0.42–0.49)b
|
0.44 (0.41–0.47)b
|
|
Hypertension
|
|
No
|
4148
|
174,292
|
23.80
|
2186
|
199,801
|
10.94
|
0.48 (0.45–0.5)b
|
0.43 (0.41–0.46)b
|
|
Yes
|
3985
|
37,735
|
105.61
|
2203
|
51,910
|
42.44
|
0.44 (0.42–0.47)b
|
0.44 (0.42–0.46)b
|
|
Hyperlipidemia
|
|
No
|
5328
|
180,288
|
29.55
|
2742
|
210,271
|
13.04
|
0.46 (0.44–0.48)b
|
0.43 (0.41–0.45)b
|
|
Yes
|
2805
|
31,738
|
88.38
|
1647
|
41,440
|
39.74
|
0.49 (0.46–0.52)b
|
0.46 (0.43–0.49)b
|
|
Congestive heart failure
|
|
No
|
7942
|
210,670
|
37.70
|
4282
|
249,749
|
17.15
|
0.48 (0.46–0.5)b
|
0.44 (0.42–0.45)b
|
|
Yes
|
191
|
1356
|
140.83
|
107
|
1963
|
54.52
|
0.45 (0.35–0.57)b
|
0.46 (0.36–0.59)b
|
|
Cerebrovascular diseases
|
|
No
|
6867
|
199,807
|
34.37
|
3689
|
235,364
|
15.67
|
0.48 (0.46–0.5)b
|
0.44 (0.42–0.45)b
|
|
Yes
|
1266
|
12,220
|
103.60
|
700
|
16,348
|
42.82
|
0.46 (0.42–0.5)b
|
0.45 (0.41–0.49)b
|
|
Depression
|
|
No
|
7628
|
203,237
|
37.53
|
4091
|
240,799
|
16.99
|
0.48 (0.46–0.49)b
|
0.44 (0.42–0.45)b
|
|
Yes
|
505
|
8790
|
57.45
|
298
|
10,912
|
27.31
|
0.51 (0.44–0.59)b
|
0.46 (0.4–0.53)b
|
|
Anxiety
|
|
No
|
6860
|
191,626
|
35.80
|
3702
|
225,730
|
16.40
|
0.48 (0.46–0.5)b
|
0.44 (0.42–0.46)b
|
|
Yes
|
1273
|
20,401
|
62.40
|
687
|
25,982
|
26.44
|
0.46 (0.42–0.5)b
|
0.43 (0.39–0.47)b
|
|
Alcoholism or alcohol-related disorders
|
|
No
|
8093
|
211,137
|
38.33
|
4372
|
250,521
|
17.45
|
0.48 (0.46–0.5)b
|
0.44 (0.42–0.46)b
|
|
Yes
|
40
|
889
|
44.99
|
17
|
1190
|
14.28
|
0.35 (0.2–0.61)b
|
0.33 (0.19–0.6)b
|
|
Tobacco dependence
|
|
No
|
8109
|
211,341
|
38.37
|
4374
|
251,047
|
17.42
|
0.48 (0.46–0.5)b
|
0.44 (0.42–0.45)b
|
|
Yes
|
24
|
685
|
35.02
|
15
|
664
|
22.58
|
0.68 (0.35–1.29)
|
0.47 (0.23–0.94)c
|
|
Obesity
|
|
No
|
8062
|
210,777
|
38.25
|
4351
|
250,115
|
17.40
|
0.48 (0.46–0.5)b
|
0.44 (0.42–0.46)b
|
|
Yes
|
71
|
1250
|
56.80
|
38
|
1596
|
23.81
|
0.45 (0.3–0.66)b
|
0.36 (0.24–0.55)b
|
|
Drugs used
|
|
Oral steroids
|
|
No
|
3458
|
56,042
|
61.70
|
1574
|
74,258
|
21.20
|
0.39 (0.37–0.41)b
|
0.39 (0.37–0.42)b
|
|
Yes
|
4675
|
155,985
|
29.97
|
2815
|
177,453
|
15.86
|
0.54 (0.52–0.57)b
|
0.49 (0.46–0.51)b
|
|
NSAIDs
|
|
No
|
543
|
1878
|
289.11
|
175
|
3206
|
54.58
|
0.27 (0.23–0.32)b
|
0.31 (0.26–0.37)b
|
|
Yes
|
7590
|
210,148
|
36.12
|
4214
|
248,505
|
16.96
|
0.49 (0.47–0.51)b
|
0.45 (0.44–0.47)b
|
|
Statins
|
|
No
|
6799
|
179,722
|
37.83
|
3505
|
215,745
|
16.25
|
0.46 (0.44–0.48)b
|
0.42 (0.4–0.44)b
|
|
Yes
|
1334
|
32,305
|
41.29
|
884
|
35,967
|
24.58
|
0.6 (0.55–0.66)b
|
0.56 (0.52–0.61)b
|
-
IR Incidence rate per 1000 person-years; NSAIDs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
-
a Adjusted HR adjusted for accepted acupuncture, age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, congestive heart failure, cerebral vascular diseases, depression, anxiety, alcoholism or alcohol-related disorders, tobacco dependence, obesity, oral steroids, NSAIDs, and statins in Cox proportional hazards regression
-
b
p < 0.001
-
c
p < 0.05
