Prevalence and associated factors of resting electrocardiogram abnormalities among systemic lupus erythematosus patients without cardiovascular disease

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of SLE patients with a normal ECG and ECG-4 and ECG-5 at the first visit

Variables		ECG normal n = 314	ECG-4 n = 104	p	ECG-5 n = 118	p
Gender
	Female	286 (91.1%)	92(88.5)	0.43	104 (88.1%)	0.357
	Male	28 (8.9%)	12 (11.5%)		14 (11.9%)
Ethnicity
	Caucasian	181 (58.2%)	59 (57.8%)	0.09	69 (59.5%)	0.146
	Black	51 (16.4%)	26 (25.5%)		27 (23.3%)
	Asian	38 (12.2%)	10 (9.8%)		12 (10.3%)
	Others	41 (13.2%)	7 (6.4)		8 (6.9%)
Age at SLE diagnosis (years)		29.6 ± 11.3	30.66 ± 11.01	0.42	30.46 ± 11.86	0.50
Age at ECG (years)		44.87 ± 12.9	50.14 ± 14.1	<0.001	49.95 ± 15.01	<0.001
Disease duration at ECG (years)		15.23 ± 10.2	19.48 ± 11.03	<0.001	19.49 ± 11.44	<0.001
Follow-up duration at ECG (years)		10.57 ± 9.4	13.69 ± 11.29	0.006	13.41 ± 11.24	0.008
SLEDAI-2 K at the first visit		9.24 ± 8.3	10.2 ± 7.78	0.30	9.82 ± 7.67	0.52
SDI		0.27 ± 0.7	0.44 ± 0.92	0.07	0.44 ± 0.90	0.06
Cumulative glucocorticoid (g)		5.24 ± 16.5	9.16 ± 31.25	0.10	8.96 ± 29.85	0.10
Treated with antimalarials		147 (46.8%)	51 (49.0%)	0.69	59 (50.0%)	0.55
Treated with immunosuppressives		93 (29.6%)	33 (31.7%)	0.68	37 (31.4%)	0.73
Hypertension		153 (48.7%)	65 (62.5%)	0.015	74 (63.6%)	0.006
Hyperlipidemia on statins ever before ECG		87 (27.7%)	40 (38.5%)	0.039	44(37.3%)	0.05
DM 3 years prior to ECG		16 (5.1%)	4 (3.8%)	0.60	4 (3.4%)	0.45
Smoking ever prior to ECG		91 (29%)	30 (28.8%)	0.97	34 (28.8%)	0.91

Values are shown as mean ± SD or n (%) as appropriate
p values are from t test for means, Chi-Square test for binary variables, and Cochran-Armitage trend test for categorical variables
DM diabetes mellitus, ECG electrocardiogram, SDI SLICC/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, SLEDAI-2 K SLE Disease Activity Index 2000

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