Table 1 Clinical characteristics of participants

Male sex, n (%)

100

955 (83.0%)

542 (86.4%)

0.06^a

100

541 (84.7%)

245 (85.1%)

0.87^a

100

414 (80.9%)

297 (87.6%)

0.01^a

Age, years

99.5

57 (14)

58 (14)

0.52^b

100

62 (14)

64 (13)

0.02^b

100

52 (13)

53 (13)

0.50^b

Duration of gout, years

98.3

13 (12)

17 (12)

<0.001^b

98.7

14 (13)

16 (12)

<0.001^b

97.8

11 (11)

18 (12)

<0.001^b

Number of gout flares in previous year

95.9

4.8 (8.4)

7.9 (11.9)

<0.001^b

95.4

3.8 (7.5)

6.2 (10.3)

<0.001^a

96.5

6.0 (9.2)

9.4 (13.0)

<0.001^b

Māori or Pacific ancestry, n (%)

100

512 (44.5%)

339 (54.1%)

<0.001^a

Body mass index, kg/m²

98.4

32.9 (8.05)

33.0 (7.66)

0.78^b

98.5

30.31 (7.19)

29.86 (5.50)

0.35^b

98.4

36.13 (7.90)

35.72 (8.20)

0.47^b

Cardiac disease, n (%)

99.4

353 (30.9%)

221 (35.3%)

0.06^a

99.7

203 (31.9%)

116 (40.3%)

0.01^a

99.2

150 (29.6%)

105 (31.1%)

0.66^a

Diabetes, n (%)

98.6

217 (19.2%)

138 (22.2%)

0.14^a

99.4

92 (14.5%)

51 (17.7%)

0.22^a

97.8

125 (25.1%)

87 (26.0%)

0.76^a

Alcohol intake, servings per week

98.3

6.1 (10.8)

5.4 (9.3)

0.15^b

99.4

6.9 (9.9)

6.6 (9.9)

0.62^b

97.9

5.1 (11.8)

4.4 (8.5)

0.31^b

Diuretic use, n (%)

100

285 (24.8%)

173 (27.6%)

0.06^a

100

157 (24.6%)

85 (29.5%)

0.06^a

100

128 (25.0%)

88 (26.0%)

0.57^a

Colchicine use, n (%)

94.4

547 (51.2%)

406 (67.3%)

<0.001^a

97.1

275 (44.6%)

168 (59.7%)

<0.001^a

91.4

272 (53.1%)

238 (70.2%)

<0.001^a

Prednisone use, n (%)

95.1

433 (40.1%)

322 (53.0%)

<0.001^a

97.5

214 (34.5%)

141 (49.6%)

<0.001^a

92.5

219 (47.6%)

181 (55.9%)

0.02^a

NSAID use, n (%)

97.0

877 (78.6%)

499 (81.1%)

0.21^a

98.2

470 (75.2%)

224 (78.8%)

0.23^a

95.8

400 (83.2%)

275 (83.4%)

0.97^a

Urate-lowering therapy, n (%)

99.5

829 (72.5%)

541 (86.4%)

<0.001^a

99.5

441 (69.6%)

244 (84.7%)

<0.001^a

99.5

388 (76.2%)

297 (87.9%)

<0.001^a

Creatinine at time of recruitment, mmol/L

98.9

111 (57)

120 (57)

<0.001^b

99.1

109 (45)

121 (57)

<0.001^b

98.1

114 (68)

120 (57)

0.22^b

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

98.7

65 (20)

61 (22)

<0.001^b

99.1

64 (20)

59 (22)

<0.001^b

98.1

65 (21)

63 (21)

0.09^b

Serum urate at time of recruitment, mmol/L

100

0.42 (0.11)

0.41 (0.12)

0.76^b

100

0.40 (0.11)

0.40 (0.11)

0.59^b

100

0.44 (0.11)

0.42 (0.13)

0.08^b

Highest recorded serum urate, mmol/L

100

0.55 (1.11)

0.55 (0.13)

0.97^b

100

0.49 (0.13)

0.52 (0.12)

<0.001^b

100

0.62 (1.65)

0.57 (0.12)

0.59^b