Fig. 2

The CD4⁺CD28⁻OX40⁺ T-cell subset in patients with RA and CIA mice. a Percentages of CD4⁺CD28⁻ T cells in the PB samples of patients with RA (n = 71), patients with OA (n = 44), and HCs (n = 47). b Percentages of CD4⁺CD28⁻OX40⁺ T cells in the PB samples of patients with RA and control subjects. c Percentages of CD4⁺CD28⁺OX40⁺ T cells in the PB samples of patients with RA and control subjects. d Flow cytometric analyses of CD4⁺CD28⁻OX40⁺ T cells in SF samples of patients with RA and patients with OA (isotype controls not shown). Values indicate the mean (%) of T-cell subsets. e Percentages of CD4⁺CD28⁻, CD4⁺CD28⁻OX40⁺, and CD4⁺CD28⁺OX40⁺ T cells in the SF samples of patients with RA (n = 5) and patients with OA (n = 5). f, g, and h Percentages of CD4⁺CD28⁻ (f), CD4⁺CD28⁻OX40⁺ (g), and CD4⁺CD28⁺OX40⁺ (h) T cells in the spleen samples of CIA (n = 40) and NC (n = 30) mice. i Expression levels of CD45RA and CD45RO on CD4⁺CD28⁻ and CD4⁺CD28⁺ T cells in the PB samples of patients with RA (n = 5). j Cytokine production levels of CD4⁺CD28⁻OX40⁺ and the other T-cell subsets in PB samples of patients with RA (n = 5) and control subjects (n = 5). Each data point represents an individual subject; horizontal lines represent the mean; bars show mean ± SD; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0 .001, ns = not significant. CIA Collagen-induced arthritis, HC Healthy control subject, NC Normal control mice, OA Osteoarthritis, PB Peripheral blood, RA Rheumatoid arthritis, SF Synovial fluid