Table 1 FLS in disease initiation, perpetuation, and terminal joint destruction
From: Fibroblast-like synoviocyte metabolism in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
FLS activated via | FLS response |
|---|---|
FLS in arthritis initiation | |
TLR endogenous ligands Activated complement Autoantibodies or immune complexes Microparticles Citrullination Synoviocyte-like macrophage mediators Mechanical stimulus | Activation markers Changes in metabolism Signaling pathway activation Synovial hyperplasia Increased expression of adhesion molecules |
FLS in arthritis perpetuation | |
Hypoxia Cytokine receptors Changes in metabolism Bioactive metabolites Signaling pathway activation Adhesion molecules | Cytokine and chemokine release Recruitment of B and T cells and macrophages to sublining Increase of HLA antigen presentation Proteoglycan damage in cartilage surface Mitochondrial compensatory response |
FLS in joint destruction | |
Immune cell mediators (cytokines, ligands) Epigenetic changes, hypomethylation, hyperacetylation Somatic and mitochondrial mutation Chronic metabolic changes | Tumor-like transformation Attachment to cartilage Migration and invasion MMP production RANKL expression Resistance to apoptosis |