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Table 3 High levels of interferon-λ1 and interferon-α identify patients with different phenotypes

From: IFN-λ1 with Th17 axis cytokines and IFN-α define different subsets in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Characteristics

All SLE (n = 261)

IFN-λ1high (n = 65)

Others (n = 196)

p Value

IFN-αhigh (n = 65)

Others (n = 196)

p Value

Age, years, mean (SD)

47.6 (14)

46.3 (15)

48.0 (14)

ns

43.3 (15)

49.0 (14)

0.01

Ever smoker, %

54

40

59

0.008

57

53

ns

SLAM >6, %

49

52

48

ns

49

49

ns

SLEDAI >6, %

26

31

25

ns

29

25

ns

SDI >0, %

64.4

60

65

ns

60

65

ns

Autoantibodies, %

 Nucleosome

44

55

40

0.028

46.5

43

ns

 Ro52/SSA

28

28

27

ns

41.5

22.5

0.003

 Ro60/SSA

40.5

41.5

40

ns

51

37

0.05

 La/SSB

21.5

20

22

ns

37

16

0.005

 LA

16

20

15

ns

4.5

20

0.003

 aCL IgG

19

23

18

ns

9

22.5

0.02

 aβ2GP1 IgG

21

23

20

ns

9

25

0.009

 Triple-aPL

15

18.5

13

ns

4.5

18

0.008

Mucocutaneous, %

 Mucocutaneous SLAM >0

38

38

38

ns

54

33

0.002

Reticuloendothelial, %

 Lymphadenopathy SLAM >0

13

15

12

ns

22

9.5

0.02

Musculoskeletal, %

 Arthritis

17

15

18

ns

17

17.5

ns

 Musculoskeletal SDI >0

13

4.5

20.5

0.002

14

17

ns

 Erosive arthritis SDI >0

10.0

1.5

13

0.009

8

11

ns

Cardiovascular, %

 Secondary APS

17

21.5

15

ns

9

20

0.058

 VTE

15

17

15

ns

6

18

0.018

 Any vascular event

29

31

28

ns

15

33

0.006

Renal

 Creatinine, μmol/L, mean (SD)

87 (90)

91 (124)

75 (5)

ns

70 (16)

93 (103)

0.003

 GFR, ml/minute/1.73 m2, median (IQR)

84 (67–101)

83 (68–101)

85(67–103)

ns

91 (76–108)

82 (76–108)

0.028

Routine laboratory tests

 WBC, 109/L, mean (SD)

5.2 (2.2)

4.9 (2)

5.4 (2.3)

ns

4.7 (1.9)

5.5 (2.3)

0.02

 Lymphocytes, 109/L, mean (SD)

1.3 (0.7)

1.08 (0.5)

1.3 (0.7)

0.003

1.2 (0.6)

1.3 (0.05)

ns

Complement

 C3, g/L, mean (SD)

0.86 (0.24

0.82 (0.26)

0.88 (0.24)

ns

0.79 (0.28)

0.89(0.2)

0.004

 C4, g/L, mean (SD)

0.15 (0.07)

0.14 (0.08)

0.15 (0.07)

ns

0.12 (0.06)

0.16 (0.07)

0.001

Medication

 Warfarin, %

15

17

14

ns

5

18

0.008

 Prednisone, months, mean (SD)

232 (822)

206 (390)

241 (926)

ns

88 (151)

280 (940)

0.009

Cytokines, %

 IL-17Ahigh

10

34

1.5

0.0001

8

11

ns

 IL-23high

25

55

14

0.0001

35.5

21

0.026

 IP-10high

25

29

24

ns

30

23

ns

  1. Abbreviations: aβ 2 GP1 Anti-β2-antiglycoprotein domain 1 antibodies, aCL Anticardiolipin antibodies, aPL Antiphospholipid antibodies, APS Antiphospholipid syndrome, C3 Complement component C3, C4 Complement component C4, GFR Glomerular filtration rate, IFN Interferon, IgG Immunoglobulin G, IL Interleukin, IP-10 Interferon-γ-induced protein 10, LA Lupus anticoagulant, ns Nonsignificant, SDI Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index, SLAM Systemic Lupus Activity Measure, SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus, SLEDAI Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index, VTE Venous thromboembolism, WBC White blood cells
  2. The left column (all SLE) demonstrates distribution of investigated parameters for the whole SLE cohort. In statistical analysis, a subgroup of patients with high cytokine levels (IFN-αhigh [n = 65] or IFN-λ1high [n = 65]) was compared with all the others. Statistical analysis of continuous variables was performed by Student’s t test; values calculated as ratios were compared by nonparametric Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis test; and proportions were compared by chi-square or Fisher’s exact test