|
Total number
|
195,433 (100)
|
78,667 (100)
|
93,534 (100)
|
23,232 (100)
|
|
Insurance type
|
|
Commercial (United)
|
82,402 (42.2)
|
26,810 (34.1)
|
40,023 (42.8)
|
15,569 (67.0)
|
|
Public (Medicaid)
|
113,031 (57.8)
|
51,857 (65.9)
|
53,511 (57.2)
|
7663 (33.0)
|
|
Age
|
49 (±12.1)
|
49 (±12.2)
|
50 (±12.1)
|
49 (±11.9)
|
|
Gender (female)
|
153,933 (78.8)
|
60,487 (76.9)
|
75,456 (80.7)
|
17,990 (77.4)
|
|
Comorbid conditions
|
|
Hyperlipidemia
|
76,793 (39.3)
|
36,538 (46.4)
|
33,005 (35.3)
|
7250 (31.2)
|
|
Heart diseasea
|
34,869 (17.8)
|
17,501 (22.2)
|
14,896 (15.9)
|
2472 (10.6)
|
|
Hypertension
|
92,080 (47.1)
|
41,338 (52.5)
|
42,244 (45.2)
|
8498 (36.6)
|
|
Cerebrovascular accident
|
10,118 (5.2)
|
5432 (6.9)
|
4175 (4.5)
|
511 (2.2)
|
|
Diabetes
|
41,704 (21.3)
|
20,195 (25.7)
|
18,143 (19.4)
|
3366 (14.5)
|
|
Obesity
|
22,828 (11.7)
|
12,317 (15.7)
|
8829 (9.4)
|
1682 (7.2)
|
|
Inflammatory bowel disease
|
4037 (2.1)
|
1475 (1.9)
|
1661 (1.8)
|
901 (3.9)
|
|
History of hospitalization with severe infectionsb
|
8876 (4.6)
|
4539 (5.8)
|
3689 (3.9)
|
648 (2.8)
|
|
COPD
|
62,388 (31.9)
|
30,789 (39.1)
|
26,974 (28.8)
|
4625 (19.9)
|
|
Liver disease
|
13,030 (6.7)
|
7035 (8.9)
|
5057 (5.4)
|
938 (4.0)
|
|
Metastatic cancer
|
1849 (1.0)
|
1028 (1.3)
|
719 (0.8)
|
102 (0.4)
|
|
Any tumor
|
12,976 (6.6)
|
6301 (8.0)
|
5683 (6.1)
|
992 (4.3)
|
|
Alcohol abuse
|
8699 (4.5)
|
5385 (6.8)
|
2928 (3.1)
|
386 (1.7)
|
|
Tobacco use
|
35,992 (18.4)
|
18,567 (23.6)
|
14,562 (15.6)
|
2863 (12.3)
|
|
Combined comorbidity score
|
1 (±2.0)
|
2 (±2.0)
|
1 (±1.9)
|
1 (±1.5)
|
|
History of medication use
|
|
ACE inhibitors
|
35,742 (18.3)
|
15,088 (19.2)
|
17,107 (18.3)
|
3547 (15.3)
|
|
ARBs
|
16,311 (8.4)
|
7159 (9.1)
|
7310 (7.8)
|
1842 (7.9)
|
|
Beta blockers
|
30,934 (15.8)
|
12,955 (16.5)
|
14,679 (15.7)
|
3300 (14.2)
|
|
Calcium channel blockers
|
28,302 (14.5)
|
11,936 (15.2)
|
13,820 (14.8)
|
2546 (11.0)
|
|
Diuretics
|
52,688 (27.0)
|
22,093 (28.1)
|
25,279 (27.0)
|
5316 (22.9)
|
|
Insulin
|
8851 (4.5)
|
4100 (5.2)
|
3920 (4.2)
|
831 (3.6)
|
|
Oral hypoglycemic
|
21,004 (10.8)
|
95,28 (12.1)
|
9620 (10.3)
|
1856 (8.0)
|
|
Statins
|
38,246 (19.6)
|
173,91 (22.1)
|
17,079 (18.3)
|
3776 (16.3)
|
|
Non-statin lipid-lowering drugs
|
11,324 (5.8)
|
5213 (6.6)
|
4845 (5.2)
|
1266 (5.4)
|
|
Aspirins
|
10,876 (5.6)
|
58,42 (7.4)
|
4517 (4.8)
|
517 (2.2)
|
|
COX-2 inhibitors
|
44,555 (22.8)
|
150,28 (19.1)
|
24,130 (25.8)
|
5397 (23.2)
|
|
Non-selective NSAIDs
|
108,196 (55.4)
|
468,58 (59.6)
|
51,080 (54.6)
|
10,258 (44.2)
|
|
Opioids
|
118,542 (60.7)
|
485,45 (61.7)
|
56,545 (60.5)
|
13,452 (57.9)
|
|
Steroids
|
106,676 (54.6)
|
33,474 (42.6)
|
57,604 (61.6)
|
15,598 (67.1)
|
|
Cumulative steroid dose (mg/day in prior year)
|
3 (±32.8)
|
2 (±3.2)
|
4 (±43.3)
|
4 (±20.3)
|
|
Average daily steroid dose
|
|
None
|
109, 365 (56.0)
|
53,489 (68.0)
|
45,373 (48.5)
|
10,503 (45.2)
|
|
Low (<5 mg/day)
|
66,779 (34.2)
|
22,933 (29.2)
|
35,157 (37.6)
|
8689 (37.4)
|
|
Medium (5–10 mg/day)
|
12,610 (6.5)
|
1473 (1.9)
|
8408 (9.0)
|
2729 (11.7)
|
|
High (≥10 mg/day)
|
6679 (3.4)
|
772 (1.0)
|
4596 (4.9)
|
1311 (5.6)
|
|
Non-biologic drugs
|
−
|
−
|
66,961 (71.6)
|
16,550 (71.2)
|
|
Number of non-biologic drugs
|
−
| | | |
|
None
|
−
|
−
|
26,573 (28.4)
|
6682 (28.8)
|
|
One
|
−
|
−
|
48,124 (51.5)
|
11,822 (50.9)
|
|
More than one
|
−
|
−
|
18,837 (20.1)
|
4728 (20.4)
|
|
Prior MTX
|
−
|
−
|
38,172 (40.8)
|
12,381 (53.3)
|
|
Prior HCQ
|
−
|
−
|
28,901 (30.9)
|
3735 (16.1)
|
|
Health care utilization
|
|
Number of prescriptions
|
14 (±9.6)
|
14 (±10.2)
|
14 (±9.3)
|
13 (±8.2)
|
|
Number of physician visits
|
11 (±9.4)
|
11 (±9.5)
|
11 (±9.4)
|
12 (±8.4)
|
|
Number of hospitalizations
|
0 (±1.0)
|
0 (±1.2)
|
0 (±1.0)
|
0 (±0.7)
|
|
Number of emergency room visits
|
1 (±3.0)
|
1 (±3.6)
|
1 (±2.7)
|
1 (±1.7)
|
