|
Total number
|
78,667 (100%)
|
93,534 (100%)
|
23,232 (100%)
|
|
Biologic DMARD initiation/switch, n
|
3873 (4.9%)
|
10,361 (11.1%)
|
2761 (11.9%)
|
|
Data source
|
|
United vs. Medicaid
|
1.87 (1.70, 2.05)
|
1.13 (1.06, 1.20)
|
0.92 (0.81, 1.05)
|
|
Age (by 10-year increase)
|
0.87 (0.84, 0.89)
|
0.81 (0.79, 0.83)
|
0.87 (0.84, 0.91)
|
|
Gender
|
|
Male vs. female
|
0.90 (0.83, 0.98)
|
0.95 (0.89, 1.00)
|
0.87 (0.79, 0.97)
|
|
Comorbid conditions in prior year
|
|
Hyperlipidemia
|
0.90 (0.83, 0.97)
|
0.97 (0.92, 1.03)
|
1.02 (0.91, 1.13)
|
|
Heart disease
|
0.92 (0.82, 1.03)
|
1.02 (0.94, 1.10)
|
1.12 (0.96, 1.31)
|
|
Hypertension
|
0.85 (0.78, 0.94)
|
0.91 (0.86, 0.97)
|
0.94 (0.83, 1.06)
|
|
Cerebrovascular accident
|
0.91 (0.76, 1.08)
|
0.94 (0.83, 1.06)
|
1.21 (0.92, 1.57)
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
0.93 (0.83, 1.04)
|
1.01 (0.93, 1.09)
|
0.95 (0.80, 1.12)
|
|
Obesity
|
1.02 (0.92, 1.12)
|
0.98 (0.91, 1.06)
|
0.99 (0.85, 1.16)
|
|
Inflammatory bowel disease
|
1.89 (1.56, 2.30)
|
1.22 (1.06, 1.42)
|
0.71 (0.56, 0.89)
|
|
Hospitalization with severe infection
|
0.82 (0.67, 1.00)
|
1.03 (0.91, 1.16)
|
0.86 (0.66, 1.11)
|
|
COPD
|
0.80 (0.74, 0.87)
|
0.97 (0.92, 1.02)
|
1.06 (0.95, 1.18)
|
|
Liver disease
|
1.16 (1.01, 1.33)
|
1.16 (1.05, 1.29)
|
1.03 (0.84, 1.27)
|
|
Metastatic cancer
|
0.92 (0.61, 1.39)
|
0.94 (0.68, 1.29)
|
0.29 (0.10, 0.81)
|
|
Any tumor
|
1.01 (0.87, 1.17)
|
0.93 (0.84, 1.03)
|
0.98 (0.79, 1.22)
|
|
Alcohol abuse
|
0.77 (0.64, 0.93)
|
0.94 (0.82, 1.09)
|
0.75 (0.53, 1.06)
|
|
Tobacco use
|
1.01 (0.92, 1.10)
|
1.13 (1.06, 1.20)
|
1.03 (0.92, 1.17)
|
|
Combined comorbidity score
|
0.96 (0.93, 0.98)
|
0.95 (0.94, 0.97)
|
1.01 (0.97, 1.05)
|
|
History of medication use in prior year
|
|
Non-statin lipid-lowering drugs
|
1.10 (0.94, 1.27)
|
1.13 (1.02, 1.25)
|
1.04 (0.86, 1.25)
|
|
Statins
|
1.03 (0.93, 1.15)
|
1.02 (0.96, 1.10)
|
0.89 (0.77, 1.02)
|
|
ACE inhibitors
|
1.08 (0.97, 1.20)
|
1.00 (0.94, 1.07)
|
0.96 (0.84, 1.09)
|
|
ARBs
|
0.98 (0.85, 1.13)
|
1.10 (1.01, 1.20)
|
1.06 (0.90, 1.25)
|
|
Beta blockers
|
0.91 (0.81, 1.02)
|
0.91 (0.85, 0.97)
|
0.94 (0.83, 1.07)
|
|
Calcium channel blockers
|
0.88 (0.78, 0.99)
|
0.92 (0.86, 0.99)
|
0.90 (0.78, 1.04)
|
|
Diuretics
|
1.16 (1.06, 1.28)
|
1.01 (0.96, 1.08)
|
1.09 (0.97, 1.22)
|
|
Insulin
|
1.55 (1.28, 1.87)
|
1.36 (1.20, 1.53)
|
1.04 (0.81, 1.34)
|
|
Oral hypoglycemic drugs
|
1.23 (1.06, 1.43)
|
1.05 (0.95, 1.15)
|
0.98 (0.80, 1.20)
|
|
Aspirins
|
0.99 (0.82, 1.19)
|
0.83 (0.73, 0.94)
|
0.75 (0.55, 1.01)
|
|
Coxibs
|
1.46 (1.32, 1.61)
|
1.30 (1.23, 1.38)
|
1.11 (1.00, 1.23)
|
|
Non-selective NSAIDs
|
1.30 (1.20, 1.39)
|
1.07 (1.02, 1.12)
|
1.12 (1.03, 1.22)
|
|
Opioids
|
1.18 (1.09, 1.27)
|
1.19 (1.13, 1.25)
|
1.21 (1.10, 1.34)
|
|
Steroid daily dosage
|
|
None
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
|
Low (<5 mg/day)
|
2.42 (2.25, 2.60)
|
1.65 (1.57, 1.73)
|
1.52 (1.38, 1.68)
|
|
Medium (5–10 mg/day)
|
3.12 (2.56, 3.80)
|
1.89 (1.76, 2.04)
|
1.53 (1.34, 1.75)
|
|
High (≥10 mg/day)
|
2.61 (1.91, 3.57)
|
1.72 (1.55, 1.89)
|
1.81 (1.51, 2.15)
|
|
Number of non-biologic DMARDs
|
|
None
|
−
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
|
One
|
−
|
1.54 (1.42, 1.66)
|
1.44 (1.27, 1.64)
|
|
More than one
|
−
|
2.40 (2.17, 2.67)
|
1.98 (1.65, 2.36)
|
|
Prior MTX
|
−
|
1.79 (1.69, 1.90)
|
0.78 (0.70, 0.87)
|
|
Prior HCQ
|
−
|
0.57 (0.54, 0.61)
|
0.75 (0.65, 0.86)
|
|
Healthcare utilization in prior year
|
|
Number of prescriptions
|
0.97 (0.97, 0.98)
|
0.99 (0.98, 0.99)
|
1.01 (1.00, 1.02)
|
|
Number of physician visits
|
1.00 (1.00, 1.01)
|
1.00 (1.00, 1.01)
|
1.01 (1.00, 1.01)
|
|
Number of hospitalizations
|
1.02 (0.97, 1.06)
|
1.05 (1.02, 1.08)
|
0.98 (0.92, 1.05)
|
|
Number of emergency room visits
|
0.98 (0.96, 1.00)
|
0.97 (0.95, 0.98)
|
1.00 (0.97, 1.02)
|
