Emerging technologies in autoantibody testing for rheumatic diseases

Table 1 Advantages of various ANA immunoassay techniques

Assay Type	Low cost	Rapid	Automated	Sensitivity	Specificity	Quantitative	Availability	Reproducibility	High throughput	Small sample volume
IIF	+	+	(++)*	++	+	++	++	+	+	–
ELISA	++	++	++	+++	++	++	++	++	++	+
LIA	–	++	++	++	++	++	++	+	+	++
ALBIA, CIA, other bead-based arrays	++	+++	+++	+++	++	+++	++	+	+++	+++
Planar array	++	++	++	++	++	+	–	–	++	++
Point-of-Care	+	+++	–	+	++	+	–	++	–	+

*Automated antinuclear antibody (ANA)-indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), and Crithidia luciliae fluorescent test (anti-dsDNA; CLIFT) used in some laboratories
ALBIA addressable laser bead immunoassays, CIA chemiluminescence immunoassay, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, LIA line immunoassay

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