Fig. 1

Immunolocalization of LOXL2 protein in the human temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and hip and knee joints: Safranin O/Fast green staining of cartilage (orange/green, upper panels), immunofluorescence staining with LOXL2 antibody (red, middle panels), and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining (blue, lower panels) in human TMJ condyles from normal and TMJ-osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) patients a and unaffected and OA-affected regions of the femoral head from the same patient (b), unaffected and OA-affected regions of the tibial plateau from the same patient (c), with quantification of staining intensities in OA tissues (fold-change) compared to normal/unaffected (set at 1.0) (d). e Higher magnification of a damaged region from a TMJ-OA specimen, where LOXL2 is expressed. f Three-dimensional reconstruction of the LOXL2-expressing region. RT-qPCR analysis of LOXL2 mRNA in a normal TMJ condyle compared to a TMJ-OA condyle (g), unaffected control compared to hip OA (femoral head) (h), and unaffected control compared to knee OA (tibial plateau) (i). Scale bar = 250, 50, or 16 μm as indicated in panel; n = 5/condition; *P < 0.001 (Student’s t test)