Table 5 Predictivity of cytokines and chemokines in SLE flares
From: Predictive biological markers of systemic lupus erythematosus flares: a systematic literature review
Cytokines or chemokines | Number of patients (n) | Findings | Study |
|---|---|---|---|
BAFF/BLyS | 42 | Changes in BAFF levels were unrelated to disease flares | Becker-Merok et al., 2006 [47] |
BAFF/BLyS | 245 | Increase in BLyS level was associated with the occurrence of mild-to-moderate flares | Petri et al., 2008 [48] |
BAFF/BLyS | 562 | Baseline BLyS level independently predicted flare | Petri et al., 2013 [9] |
BLyS, APRIL and 50 analytes: innate and adaptive cytokines, chemokines and soluble TNFR superfamily members | 28 | Patients with impending flare had significant alterations in the levels of 27 soluble mediators at baseline | Munroe et al., 2014 [52] |
CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL19 (MIP-3B), CXCL10 (IP-10) | 267 | Patients with high baseline chemokine levels were at increased risk for flares | Bauer et al., 2009 [49] |
CXCL2, CXCL10 | 25 | High CXCL10 and CXCL2 were predictive of increased disease activity | Andrade et al., 2012 [50] |
IL-2R | 26 | Activation of T cells occurs prior to clinical disease activity | Spronk et al., 1996 [56] |
sIL-2R | NA | Levels of sIL-2R rose significantly up to the moment of maximal disease activity | Spronk et al., 1994 [57] |
sCD25 | 3 | Levels of sCD25 increased preceding periods of exacerbations | Swaak et al., 1995 [55] |
IFN-α, IFN-γ-inducible protein 1 and sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 1 | 79 | None of the investigated biomarkers was a predictive variable for flares | Rose et al., 2013 [51] |
Soluble IL-7 receptor (sIL-7R) | 105 | High sIL-7R levels associated with renal flares | Lauwerys et al., 2014 [53] |
IL1-RA, TNFRI | 41 | Patients who flared had higher baseline plasma levels of IL-1RA and TNFRI | Guthridge et al., 2014 [54] |