Fig. 5

NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and interferon regulatory factor 3 activation in M1- and M2-polarized macrophages following Toll-like receptor ligand exposure. a M1 (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]) and M2 (macrophage colony-stimulating factor [M-CSF]) macrophages were stimulated for 1 h with 300 ng/ml Pam3, 10 μg/ml polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], and 100 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide. Nuclear translocation of p65 (NF-κB) and IRF3 was detected by Western blotting. n = 3. b M1 and M2 macrophages were stimulated for 30 minutes with 300 ng/ml Pam3, 10 μg/ml poly(I:C), and 100 ng/ml LPS. Specific phosphorylation of MAPKs p38, ERK1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was detected by WB. n = 2–3