Table 2 Demographic, clinical and serological factors associated with failure to achieve LLDAS at T1

 Male, n (%)

6 (10.0%)

5 (10.6%)

1.00

 Onset age, median (IQR) years

32.3 (25.7–43.0)

29.2 (24.4–39.8)

0.221

 Diagnosis age, median (IQR) years

36.9 (28.2–45.1)

31.2 (25.6–40.6)

0.152

 Disease duration, median (IQR) months

9.0 (5.0–12.3)

10.6 (6.1–30.6)

0.340

 Malar rash, n (%)

15 (25.0%)

14 (29.8%)

0.580

 Discoid rash, n (%)

4 (6.7%)

3 (6.4%)

1,000

 Photosensitivity, n (%)

16 (26.7%)

10 (21.3%)

0.519

 Oral ulcers, n (%)

7 (11.7%)

4 (8.5%)

0.752

 Arthritis, n (%)

54 (90.0%)

42 (89.4%)

1.00

 Serositis, n (%)

19 (31.7%)

13 (27.7%)

0.653

 Renal disorder, n (%)

25 (41.7%)

2 (4.3%)

<0.001

7.8 (1.41–43.4)

0.019

 Neurologic disorder, n (%)

3 (5.0%)

0

0.254

 Haematological disorders, n (%)

37 (61.7%)

24 (51.1%)

0.272

 SLEDAI-2K, median (IQR) score

13 (9.0-18.0)

8 (7.2–10.0)

<0.001

-

-

 ANA, n (%)

59 (98.3%)

47 (100%)

1.00

 Anti-dsDNA, n (%)

49 (81.7%)

29 (61.7%)

0.013

-

-

 Anti-dsDNA, median (IQR) UI/mL

114 (46–2069)

106 (31–191)

0.057

 Anti-Sm, n (%)

11 (18.3%)

8 (17.0%)

0.860

 Anti-RNP, n (%)

17 (28.3%)

10 (21.3%)

0.404

 Anti-SSA, n (%)

23 (38.3%)

23 (48.9%)

0.272

 Anti-SSB, n (%)

5 (8.3%)

8 (17.0%)

0.172

 Any aPLs, n (%)

15 (25.0%)

11 (23.4%)

0.971

 C3, median (IQR) mg/dL

65.5 (40.1–80.5)

82.0 (67.0–90.8)

0.002

-

-

 C4, median (IQR) mg/dL

10.0 (4.0–13.0)

13.0 (10.0–16.0)

0.013

0.91 (0.83–0.99)

0.036

 Anti-malarials drugs, n (%)

41 (68.3%)

26 (55.3%)

0.167

 Immunosuppressant drugs, n (%)

45 (75.0%)

23 (48.9%)

0.010

-

-

 PDN dose, median (IQR) mg/day

25.0 (13.7–37.5)

8.0 (5.0–14.8)

<0.001

1.04 (0.99–1.1)

0.073