Table 1 Participants’ demographics and clinical characteristics

No. of subjects (%)^a

521 (100)

359 (68.9)

162 (31.1)

Female sex, n (%)^a

447 (85.8)

306 (85.24)

141 (87.04)

0.5858

Menopause, n (%)^a

359 (80.3)

252 (82.4)

107 (75.9)

0.1101

Menopause, years^b

50.0 (2.0)

50.0 (2.0)

50.0 (2.0)

0.6553

Age, years^b

59.0 (14.0)

60.0 (14.0)

58.0 (14.0)

0.1700

BMI,^b kg/m²

23.1 (5.0)

23.0 (5.1)

23.1 (4.3)

0.7470

Symptom to diagnosis, years^b

2.0 (6.0)

n = 508

2.0 (6.0)

n = 159

2.0 (6.0)

n = 349

0.4732

Disease duration, years^b

11.0 (13.0)

n = 491

12.0 (13.0)

n = 335

10.5 (13.5)

n = 156

0.6656

Comorbidity, n (%)^a

315 (60.5)

213 (59.3)

102 (63.0)

0.4326

Anti-CCP, U/ml, mean (SD)^b

62.0 (294.9)

183.0 (283.0)

0.9 (1.1)

<0.0001

RF+, n (%)^a

347 (67.1)

n = 517

306 (86.2)

n = 355

41 (25.3)

n = 162

<0.0001

RF, IU/ml^b

56.6 (189.4)

n = 517

129.0 (288.9)

n = 355

10.6 (6.8)

n = 162

<0.0001

ESR, mm/h ^b

17.0 (22.0)

19.0 (24.0)

13.5 (18.0)

<0.0001

CRP, mg/L ^b

2.5 (7.7)

n = 519

3.2 (8.6)

n = 358

1.7 (5.6)

n = 161

0.0005

DAS28-ESR^b

3.1 (1.7)

n = 519

3.2 (1.7)

n = 358

2.8 (1.4)

n = 161

0.0001

bDMARD, n (%)^a

94 (18.0)

71 (19.8)

23 (14.2)

0.1253

Glucocorticoid users, n (%)^a

452 (86.8)

317 (88.3)

135 (83.3)

0.1215

Alcohol ≥ 3 U/day, n (%)^a

6 (1.2)

4 (1.1)

2 (1.2)

0.9051

Current smoker, n (%)^a

35 (6.7)

30 (8.4)

5 (3.1)

0.0261

Fall in the previous year, n (%)^a

97 (19.1)

n = 507

69 (19.8)

n = 348

28 (17.6)

n = 159

0.5559

Parent fractured hip, n (%)^a

37 (7.1)

25 (7.0)

12 (7.6)

0.8552

 Spine (L1–L4)^b

0.858 (0.209)

n = 501

0.850 (0.210)

n = 343

0.883 (0.187)

n = 158

0.0674

 Hip (total)^c

0.780 ± 0.146

n = 497

0.774 ± 0.145

n = 342

0.794 ± 0.149

n = 155

0.1518

 FN^b

0.620 (0.147)

n = 497

0.614 (0.144)

n = 342

0.643 (0.142)

n = 155

0.0196

Osteoporosis,^d n (%)^a

150 (29.47)

n = 509

111 (31.7)

n = 350

39 (24.5)

n = 159

0.0993

Previous fracture, n (%)^a

97 (18.6)

67 (18.7)

30 (18.5)

0.9687

Current antiosteoporosis, n (%)^a

104 (20.0)

27 (16. 7)

77 (21.5)

0.2062

Major^b,e

14.0 (17.2)

15.0 (18.9)

12.0 (15.3)

0.0461

Hip^b,f

4.5 (8.5)

5.0 (9.2)

3.6 (8.2)

0.0118