Fig. 2

Increased comorbidities in case subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared to matched controls using phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS). The x axis represents the PheWAS codes that are mapped to ICD-9 codes, organized and color-coded by organ system. The y axis represents the level of significance. Each triangle represents a PheWAS code. Controls are the reference group and were age (± 5 years), sex, and race matched. Triangles pointing up represent codes more common in subjects with SLE. Triangles pointing down represent codes more common in non-SLE matched controls. The horizontal red line represents the false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05. a PheWAS comparing African American SLE cases to African American controls. African Americans with SLE had more codes compared to matched controls for comorbidities across all organ systems, particularly cardiac and renal. The most significant codes for each organ system are labeled. b PheWAS comparing Caucasian SLE cases to Caucasian controls. Caucasians with SLE had more renal and SLE-related codes compared to controls. The most significant codes for organ systems are labeled