Fig. 2

CD38 expression on immune cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). a Gating strategy for plasma cells and plasmablasts in PBMC samples. Plasma cells are gated as live singlet lymphocytes, CD3⁻CD56⁻CD19^low/midCD20⁻CD38^hiCD27^hiCD138⁺. Plasmablasts are gated as live singlet lymphocytes, CD3⁻CD56⁻CD19^low/midCD20⁻CD38^hiCD27^hiCD138⁻. CD19^hi B cells are separated into naïve B cell (IgD⁺CD27⁻), non-class-switched memory B cell (CD27⁺IgD⁺), class-switched memory B cell (CD27⁺IgD⁻) and CD27⁻ memory B cell (CD27⁻IgD⁻). b Percentage of CD27^hiCD38^hiCD138⁺ plasma cells in total lymphocytes from PBMCs from healthy controls and patients with SLE or RA. c Percentage of CD27^hiCD38^hiCD138⁻ plasmablasts in total lymphocytes from PBMCs from different groups. d-f Percentage of class-switched memory cell (d), CD27⁻ memory B cell (e), and non-class-switched memory B cell (f) in total lymphocytes. g Quantification of CD38 MFI in naïve B cell, non-class switched memory cell, class-switched memory cell, CD27⁻ memory cell, plasma cells and plasmablasts