Typical 500-MHz Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of human serum samples from controls (a), patients with hyperuricemia (b) and patients with gout (c). The dotted regions were vertically expanded 32 times. 1, high-density lipoprotien; 2, very low-density lipoprotein; 3, isoleucine; 4, leucine; 5, valine; 6, ethanol; 7, 3-hydroxybutytrate; 8, lipid; 9, lactate; 10, alanine; 11, lysine; 12, acetate; 13, glutamine; 14, methionine; 15, glycoprotein; 16, acetone; 17, glutamate; 18, citrate; 19, aspartate; 20, methylguanidine; 21, trimethylamine; 22, dimethylglycine; 23, creatine; 24, creatinine; 25, choline; 26, arginine; 27, β-glucose; 28, trimethylamine n-oxide; 29, myo-inositol; 30, proline; 31, scyllo-inositol; 32, α-glucose; 33, glycine; 34, threonine; 35, triglycerides; 36, unsaturated lipids; 37, tyrosine; 38, 1-methylhistidine; 39, phenylalanine; 40, tryptophan; 41, formate