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Table 2 Risk estimates reported by included articles (n = 14)

From: Obesity, hypertension and diuretic use as risk factors for incident gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Risk factor

Author and year

Sample

size

Cases of

incident gout

Outcome

measure

Exposure

Risk estimate

      

Minimal adjustment model

Maximal adjustment model

Obesity

Choi et al. (2005) [14]a

47,150

730

RR (95% CI)

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 at age 21

2.14 (1.37–3.32)b

1.66 (1.06–2.60)1

 

Bhole et al. (2010) [15]a

1951

200

RR (95% CI)

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 in men

3.50 (2.30–5.32)b

2.90 (1.89–4.44)2

  

2476

104

 

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 in women

3.52 (2.16–5.72)b

2.74 (1.65–4.58)2

 

McAdams-DeMarco et al. (2011) [16]a

15,533

517

RR (95% CI)

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 at age 21

2.06 (1.38–3.07)c

1.82 (1.21–2.73)3

 

Maynard et al. (2012) [17]a

6263

106

RR (95% CI)

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 at age 25

4.30 (2.14–8.64)b

2.84 (1.33–6.09)4

Hypertension

Prior et al. 1987 [10]

1705

46

OR (95% CI)

Systolic blood pressure

0.03 (0.02–0.05)

–

     

Diastolic blood pressure

0.05 (0.03–0.07)

–

 

Roubenoff et al. (1991) [11]a

1271

60

RR (95% CI)

Hypertension

2.70 (1.45–5.13)

–

 

Hochberg et al. (1995) [12]a

923

60

RR (95% CI)

Hypertension (incident)

3.78 (2.18–6.58)

3.20 (1.80–5.68)5

 

Grodzicki et al. (1997) [13]a

2128

45

RR (95% CI)

Hypertension

3.93 (1.60–9.70)

–

 

Choi et al. (2005) [14]a

47,150

730

RR (95% CI)

Hypertension

3.07 (2.64–3.56)b

2.31 (1.96–2.72)6

 

Bhole et al. (2010) [15]a

1951

200

RR (95% CI)

Hypertension—men

2.39 (1.73–3.29)b

1.59 (1.12–2.24)7

  

2476

104

 

Hypertension—women

2.91 (1.74–4.88)b

1.82 (1.06–3.14)7

 

Chen et al. (2012) [18]a

60,181

1341

HR (95% CI)

Hypertension—men

1.74 (1.54–1.95)b

1.32 (1.17–1.48)8

  

72,375

265

 

Hypertension—women

2.11 (1.59–2.79)b

1.34 (1.02–1.77)8

 

McAdams-DeMarco et al. (2012) [25]a

10,872

274

HR (95% CI)

Hypertension (time-varying)

2.87 (2.24–3.78)

2.00 (1.54–2.61)9

 

Pan et al. (2015) [22]a

31,137

163

201

HR (95% CI)

Hypertension—men

Hypertension—women

-

-

1.67 (1.33–2.09)10

2.08 (1.66–2.60)10

 

Burke et al. (2016) [23]a

2956

3809

120

110

HR (95% CI)

Hypertension—men

Hypertension—women

1.33 (0.84–2.09)

1.64 (1.02–2.64)

-

-

Diuretic use

Grodzicki et al. (1997) [13]a

2128

45

RR (95% CI)

Diuretic use (and raised diastolic blood pressure)

6.25 (2.40–16.70)

–

 

Choi et al. (2005) [14]a

47,150

730

RR (95% CI)

Diuretic use

3.37 (2.75–4.12)b

1.77 (1.42–2.20)11

 

Bhole et al. (2010) [15]a

4427

304

RR (95% CI)

Diuretic use in men

4.31 (3.06–6.08)b

3.41 (2.38–4.89)12

     

Diuretic use in women

3.23 (2.13–4.91)

2.39 (1.53–3.74)12

 

McAdams-DeMarco et al. (2012) [20]

5789

225

HR (95% CI)

Diuretic use

1.72 (1.32–2.25)

1.48 (1.11–1.98)13

 

Wilson et al. (2014) [21]

3033

43

Mean number of days until incident

gout (SD, range)

Chlorthalidone (CTD) vs hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

CTD: 183.6

(105.44, 21–362);

HCTZ: 152.7 (107.60, 22–345)

–

 

Burke et al. (2016) [23]

2956

3809

120

110

HR (95% CI)

Diuretic use in men

Diuretic use in women

1.58 (0.89–2.81)

1.83 (1.12–2.98)

-

-

  1. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, RR relative risk, OR odds ratio, HR hazard ratio, SD standard deviation
  2. aIncluded in meta-analysis (n = 11)
  3. bAge-adjusted model
  4. cAge and sex-adjusted model
  5. 1–13Maximal adjustment model outlined for each article in each risk factor (adjustment for other risk factor of interest highlighted in italics) as follows:
  6.  Maximal adjustment models within obesity articles:
  7. 1Age, total energy intake, diuretic use, history of hypertension, presence of chronic renal failure, meat intake, seafood intake, purine-rich vegetable intake, dairy food intake, alcohol intake, meat intake and fluid intake
  8. 2Age, education level, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diuretic use, blood glucose level, cholesterol levels and menopausal status (women only)
  9. 3Age, sex, alcohol intake, blood pressure, cholesterol and treatment for hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia
  10. 4Age, menopausal status, race, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, diuretic use, alcohol intake, organ meat intake and estimated glomerular filtration rate
  11.  Maximal adjustment model within hypertension articles:
  12. 5Ethnicity and BMI
  13. 6Age, total energy intake, diuretic use, BMI, presence of chronic renal failure, meat intake, seafood intake, purine-rich vegetable intake, dairy food intake, alcohol intake, meat intake and fluid intake
  14. 7Age, education level, alcohol consumption, diuretic use, blood glucose level, cholesterol levels and menopausal status (women only)
  15. 8Age, obesity (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2), hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking
  16. 9Sex, race, BMI, alcohol intake and categorical estimated glomerular filtration rate
  17. 10Age, sex, dialect, year of interview, educational level, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use and history of diabetes at follow-up I
  18.  Maximal adjustment models within diuretic use articles:
  19. 11Age, total energy intake, BMI, history of hypertension, presence of chronic renal failure, meat intake, seafood intake, purine-rich vegetable intake, dairy food intake, alcohol intake, meat intake and fluid intake
  20. 12Age, education level, BMI, alcohol consumption, hypertension, blood glucose level, cholesterol levels and menopausal status (women only)
  21. 13Sex, race, baseline BMI, categorical glomerular filtration rate and time-varying blood pressure
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Arthritis Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1478-6362

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