Table 1 Characteristics of participants taking and not taking histamine H1-receptor antagonists
Participants taking H1-antihistamines | Participants not taking H1- antihistamines | |
|---|---|---|
No. of participants | 332 | 3941 |
No. of knees | 664 | 7881 |
Age, yr | 59.84 (8.17) | 61.45 (9.23) |
Sex | ||
Female | 94 (28.3) | 1712 (43.4) |
Male | 238 (71.7) | 2229 (56.6) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.18 (4.86) | 28.64 (4.79) |
Race | ||
Other non-white | 3 (0.9) | 64 (1.6) |
White or Caucasian | 261 (78.6) | 3156 (80.1) |
Black or African American | 64 (19.3) | 685 (17.4) |
Asian | 4 (1.2) | 32 (0.8) |
History of knee surgery | 73 (22.0) | 936 (23.8) |
Family history of knee OA | 60 (18.1) | 611 (15.5) |
PASE | 160.38 (82.74) | 161.68 (82.23) |
Education | ||
Less than high school graduate | 6 (1.8) | 136 (3.5) |
High school graduate | 38 (11.4) | 489 (12.4) |
Some college | 79 (23.8) | 939 (23.8) |
College graduate | 63 (19.0) | 846 (21.5) |
Some graduate school | 28 (8.4) | 319 (8.1) |
Graduate degree | 116 (34.9) | 1183 (30.0) |
Smoking history | ||
Never | 180 (54.2) | 2056 (52.2) |
Current | 19 (5.7) | 242 (6.1) |
Former | 129 (38.9) | 1585 (40.2) |
Current but never regular | 2 (0.6) | 6 (0.2) |
WOMAC subscales | ||
WOMAC pain, right knee | 2.93 (3.45) | 2.42 (3.12) |
WOMAC pain, left knee | 2.70 (3.65) | 2.28 (3.33) |
WOMAC function, right knee | 9.75 (11.28) | 7.75 (10.19) |
WOMAC function, left knee | 9.92 (12.52) | 7.92 (11.02) |
KL, knees (%) | ||
0 | 256 (38.6) | 2904 (36.8) |
1 | 138 (20.8) | 1386 (17.6) |
2 | 176 (26.5) | 2129 (27.0) |
3 | 71 (10.7) | 1135 (14.4) |
4 | 18 (2.7) | 272 (3.5) |
Patients with knee OA, defined as KL ≥ 2 with JSN, or knee replacement (%) | 145 (43.67) | 1913 (48.54) |
Unilateral, no. of patients (%) | 87 (26.2) | 974 (24.7) |
Bilateral, no. of patients (%) | 58 (17.5) | 939 (23.8) |
Patients with knee OA, defined as KL ≥ 2, or knee replacement (%) | 181 (54.52) | 2318 (58.84) |
Unilateral, patients (%) | 92 (27.7) | 1044 (26.5) |
Bilateral, patients (%) | 89 (26.8) | 1274 (32.3) |
JSN, medial compartment, knees (%) | ||
0 | 441 (66.4) | 4985 (63.3) |
1 | 154 (23.2) | 1734 (22.0) |
2 | 58 (8.7) | 912 (11.6) |
3 | 6 (0.9) | 195 (2.5) |
JSN, lateral compartment, knees (%) | ||
0 | 608 (91.6) | 7162 (90.9) |
1 | 26 (3.9) | 340 (4.3) |
2 | 13 (2.0) | 245 (3.1) |
3 | 12 (1.8) | 79 (1.0) |
Knee replacement | 5 (0.8) | 53 (0.7) |
H1-antihistamines | ||
Second-generation | ||
Fexofenadine | 177 (53.31) | – |
Cetirizine | 85 (25.6) | – |
Desloratadine | 39 (11.75) | – |
Loratadine | 23 (6.93) | – |
First-generation | ||
Diphenhydramine | 7 (2.11) | – |
Chlorpheniramine | 4 (1.2) | – |
Promethazine | 5 (1.51) | – |
Brompheniramine | 1 (0.3) | – |
Cyproheptadine | 1 (0.3) | – |
Dexbrompheniramine | 1 (0.3) | – |
Phenyltoloxamine | 1 (0.3) | – |
Pyrilamine | 1 (0.3) | – |
Duration of H1-antihistamine use | ||
1–3 yr | 136 (40.96) | |
3–5 yr | 92 (27.71) | |
More than 5 yr | 104 (31.33) | |
Study endpoints | ||
Radiographic knee OA, defined as KL ≥ 2 with JSN, or knee replacement, knees (%) | 203 (30.6) | 2852 (36.2) |
Radiographic knee OA, defined as KL ≥ 2, or knee replacement, knees (%) | 270 (40.7) | 3592 (45.6) |