| Pre-HIIT | Post-HIIT | 95% CI (lower, upper) | p Value | Effect size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 64 ± 7 |  |  |  | |
Sex, M/F | 1/11 | Â | Â | Â | |
Clinical characteristics | |||||
 BMI, kg/m2 | 27.4 ± 9.3 | 27.7 ± 9.8 | (− 0.6, 0.1) | 0.191 | 0.40 |
 Body fat, % | 36.6 ± 11.6 | 37.3 ± 11.2 | (− 2.1, 0.7) | 0.294 | 0.32 |
 Blood pressure, mmHg |  |  |  |  |  |
  Systolic | 136 ± 14 | 127 ± 14 | (− 0.8, 17.3) | 0.070 | 0.58 |
  Diastolic | 73 ± 12 | 69 ± 8 | (− 2.7, 8.1) | 0.064 | 0.60 |
  Mean arterial pressure | 94 ± 11 | 89 ± 9 | (0.2, 10.3) | 0.044 | 0.66 |
 Resting heart rate, beats/min | 69 ± 8 | 64 ± 8 | (1.5, 8.3) | 0.009 | 0.91 |
 HbA1c, % | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | (− 0.1, 0.2) | 0.898 | 0.04 |
Health and disease activity | |||||
 HAQ-DI | 0.42 ± 0.35 | 0.39 ± 0.47 | (− 0.1, 0.2) | 0.614 | 0.16 |
 Pain | 28.7 ± 29.8 | 20.3 ± 21.5 | (− 7.3, 24.1) | 0.262 | 0.34 |
 Anxiety | 4.1 ± 2.6 | 3.5 ± 2.8 | (− 0.9, 2.0) | 0.393 | 0.25 |
 Depression | 3.8 ± 2.5 | 2.4 ± 1.9 | (0.1, 2.5) | 0.031 | 0.71 |
 Swollen joints, n | 4.3 ± 3.8 | 1.9 ± 1.7 | (0.6, 4.2) | 0.013 | 0.85 |
 Tender joints, n | 4.3 ± 7 | 1.9 ± 2.8 | (− 0.8, 5.4) | 0.062 | 0.48 |
 Global health, mm | 31.5 ± 15.7 | 22.6 ± 19.2 | (0.6, 17.2) | 0.037 | 0.85 |
 DAS28ESR | 3.1 ± 1.6 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | (0.4, 1.2) | 0.001 | 1.23 |
 DAS28CRP | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1 | (0.3, 1.0) | 0.001 | 1.26 |
 ESR, mm/h | 10.5 ± 11.9 | 7 ± 8.8 | (0.04, 6.5) | 0.023 | 0.65 |
 CRP, mg/L | 2.7 ± 3.5 | 2.2 ± 3.1 | (− 0.6, 1.6) | 0.322 | 0.30 |
Medication use, n (%) | |||||
 Infliximab | 2 (17%) |  |  |  | |
 Adalimumab | 2 (17%) |  |  |  | |
 Methotrexate | 6 (50%) |  |  |  | |
 Leflunomide | 1 (8%) |  |  |  | |
 Sulfasalazine | 2 (17%) |  |  |  | |
 Tofacitinib | 1 (8%) |  |  |  | |
 Hydroxychloroquine | 4 (33%) |  |  |  | |
 NSAID | 8 (67%) |  |  |  | |
 Prednisone | 2 (17%) |  |  |  |