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Table 3 Before and after high-intensity interval training values, CIs, and effect sizes for systemic inflammation, white blood cell counts, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations

From: Ten weeks of high-intensity interval walk training is associated with reduced disease activity and improved innate immune function in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study

 

Pre-HIIT

Post-HIIT

95% CI (lower, upper)

p Value

Effect size (d)

Systemic inflammation

 IL-1β, pg/ml

0.12 ± 0.13

0.12 ± 0.11

(− 0.04, 0.06)

0.788

0.07

 IL-6, pg/ml

1.06 ± 0.89

1.43 ± 2.02

(− 1.6, 0.8)

0.519

0.19

 CXCL-8, pg/ml

9.69 ± 6.97

10.3 ± 10.0

(− 3.3, 2.2)

0.655

0.13

 IL-10, pg/ml

0.5 ± 0.4

0.5 ± 0.3

(− 0.1, 0.1)

0.912

0.03

 TNF-α, pg/ml

2.21 ± 0.96

2.31 ± 0.96

(− 0.5, 0.3)

0.570

0.17

White blood cells, ×106/L

 Total count

5.6 ± 1.1

5.8 ± 1.2

(− 0.6, 0.2)

0.322

0.32

 Neutrophils

2.8 ± 0.8

2.9 ± 0.9

(− 0.5, 0.1)

0.217

0.40

 Lymphocytes

2.0 ± 0.6

2.1 ± 0.6

(− 0.4, 0.2)

0.623

0.15

 Monocytes

0.6 ± 0.2

0.6 ± 0.2

(− 0.1, 0.1)

0.676

0.12

 Eosinophils

0.3 ± 0.3

0.2 ± 0.1

(− 0.02, 0.2)

0.108

0.53

 Neutrophils: lymphocytes

1.5 ± 0.6

1.5 ± 0.5

(− 0.4, 0.3)

0.810

0.07

Glucose, insulin, and NEFA

 Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

90.9 ± 7.7

93.1 ± 8.3

(− 4.8, 0.5)

0.098

0.55

 Fasting insulin, μIU/ml

13 ± 4.9

12 ± 4.8

(− 0.8, 2.7)

0.264

0.34

 HOMA-IR

1.67 ± 0.64

1.56 ± 0.62

(− 0.1, 0.3)

0.258

0.34

 NEFA, mmol/L

0.55 ± 0.37

0.60 ± 0.36

(− 0.2, 0.1)

0.412

0.24

  1. Abbreviations: HIIT High-intensity interval training, IL Interleukin, CXCL Chemokine C-X-C motif ligand, TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-α, HOMA-IR Homeostatic model of assessment of insulin resistance, NEFA Nonesterified fatty acids
  2. Data are mean ± SD