Skip to main content

Table 2 Sociodemographic and lifestyle variables in the South Australian population, aged 25 years and over, and their relationship with gout (2015 data)

From: Gout prevalence and predictors of urate-lowering therapy use: results from a population-based study

Variable

SA population

Univariate estimatea

Adjusted estimatea

All

With gout

Odds ratio

p value

Odds ratio

p value

Gender (%)

 Female

51 (49,53)

18 (14,24)

1

   

 Male

49 (47,51)

82 (76,86)

5.1 (3.7,7.2)

< 0.001

 

Age group (%)

 25–34 years

19 (17,22)

2 (1,7)

1

   

 35–44 years

19 (17,20)

8 (4,15)

3.6 (0.92,14.5)

0.066

 

 45–54 years

20 (18,22)

20 (14,27)

9.0 (2.6,31.6)

0.001

 

 55–64 years

18 (16,19)

19 (14,26)

9.7 (2.8,33.7)

< 0.001

 

 65+ years

25 (23,26)

51 (43,58)

19.8 (6,64.8)

< 0.001

 

SES (IRSAD mean)b

971 (962,980)

945 (930,961)

0.997 (0.996,0.999)

< 0.001

 

BMI (%)

 Normal/underweight

37 (35,39)

23 (17,30)

1

   

 Overweight

37 (35,39)

40 (33,48)

1.8 (1.2,2.6)

  

 Obese

26 (24,28)

37 (29,44)

2.3 (1.5,3.6)

  

Alcohol lifetime risk (%)

 Abstainers

17 (16,19)

14 (10,20)

1

 

1

 

 On average 2 or fewer drinks

64 (62,66)

49 (41,56)

0.9 (0.6,1.5)

0.75

1.0 (0.6,1.6)

0.90

 On average more than 2 drinks

19 (17,20)

37 (30,44)

2.6 (1.6,4.3)

< 0.001

2.3 (1.3,4.0)

0.003

Smoking (%)c

 Non-smoker

40 (38,43)

26 (2,33)

1

 

1

 

 Ex-smoker

44 (42,46)

54 (46,62)

2.0 (1.4,3.0)

< 0.001

1.3 (0.85,2.0)

0.22

 Current smoker

16 (14,17)

20 (14,27)

2.1 (1.3,3.3)

0.003

2.0 (1.2,3.6)

0.014

Vegetables ≥ 5 servings/day (%)

7 (6,8)

7 (4,11)

1.0 (0.6,1.8)

0.98

1.0 (0.6,1.9)

0.90

Fruit ≥ 2 servings/day (%)

45 (43,48)

44 (36,51)

0.9 (0.7,1.3)

0.67

1.0 (0.7,1.4)

0.97

Days/week exercise (mean)d

3.3 (3.2,3.4)

3.1 (2.7,3.4)

1.0 (0.90,1.0)

0.20

1.0 (0.9,1.1)

0.83

Cardiovascular disease (%)

11 (10,12)

27 (21,34)

3.5 (2.5,5.0)

< 0.001

1.2 (0.8,1.8)

0.43

Diabetes mellitus (%)

10 (9,11)

21 (16,28)

2.7 (1.9,3.8)

< 0.001

1.4 (0.9,2.1)

0.15

Arthritis (any %)

28 (26,28)

48 (41,48)

2.6 (1.9,3.6)

< 0.001

1.7 (1.2,2.5)

0.004

Hypertension on treatment (%)

25 (23,26)

59 (51,66)

5.0 (3.6,6.9)

< 0.001

2.4 (1.6, 3.7)

< 0.001

Hypercholesterolemia on treatment (%)

19 (17,20)

44 (36,51)

3.9 (2.8,5.3)

< 0.001

1.7 (1.2,2.5)

0.004

SF-12 PCS (mean)e

50 (47,48)

43.5 (41.7,45.2)

0.96 (0.95, 0.98)

< 0.001

0.99 (0.98,1.01)

0.23

SF-12 MCS (mean)f

52 (52,53)

53 (51,54)

1.00 (0.98,1.023)

0.74

0.99 (0.97,1.01)

0.54

  1. Values in brackets represent 95% confidence intervals
  2. SA South Australia, SES socioeconomic status, IRSAD Index of Relative Social Advantage and Disadvantage, BMI body mass index, SF-12 Short Form 12, PCS physical component score, MCS mental component score
  3. aOdds ratios were derived from logistic regression models, with gout as the response variable. All “adjusted” logistic regression models included gender and continuous covariates age, BMI and IRSAD, centred around their mean
  4. bSocioeconomic status measured using the IRSAD. The IRSAD is normalized to a mean of 1000 and standard deviation of 100. High scores indicate areas of the most advantage and least disadvantage
  5. cThe inclusion of alcohol consumption as an additional covariate in the adjusted smoking analysis resulted in a diminution in the odds ratios (ex-smoker, OR 1.2 (95% CI 0.8, 1.9), pdiminution = 0.051, Current smoker, OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.0, 3.2), pdiminution = 0.010); however, the direction of the associations remained the same
  6. dExercise was defined as at least 30 min of vigorous activity or 60 min of moderate and/or vigorous activity
  7. eSF-12 PCS is normalized to a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10
  8. fSF12 MCS is normalized to a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10
Back to article page

Arthritis Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1478-6362

Contact us