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Fig. 4 | Arthritis Research & Therapy

Fig. 4

From: Glycation marker glucosepane increases with the progression of osteoarthritis and correlates with morphological and functional changes of cartilage in vivo

Fig. 4

Serum protein glycation, oxidation, and nitration adducts and hydroxyproline and citrullinated protein during development of osteoarthritis in Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs. Left side, center panels: Time course changes of serum glycation, oxidation, and nitration free adducts. a Nε-Fructosyl-lysine (FL). b Nε(1-carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL). c glyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone (G-H1). d Pyrraline. e Nω-carboxymethylarginine (CMA). f Nε(1-carboxymethyl)lysine (CML). g Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone (MG-H1). h 3-Deoxyglucosone-derived hydroimidazolone (3DG-H). i Glucosepane (GSP). j Dityrosine (DT). k N-formylkynurenine (NFK). l Glutamic semialdehyde (GSA). m α-Aminoadipic semialdehyde (AASA). (n) 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT). Other serum markers were Hydroxyproline (Hyp) (o) and citrullinated protein (CP) (p). Data are mean ± SEM. Significance: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 by one-way analysis of variance with Tukey posttest. Right side panels: Heat map representation of changes: q serum glycation, oxidation, and nitration free adducts and Hyp. r Serum protein glycation, oxidation, and nitration adduct residues and CP

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