Fig. 5

Correlation between serum metabolites and synovial TNF-α and CD3E. a Correlation between serum metabolites and each synovial marker, using linear regression, controlling for both age and gender. We also included p values adjusted for Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (fdr_bh) to correct for multiple testing. b Overview of the metabolites identified by ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance organized by metabolic pathway. Metabolites that were negatively correlated with TNF-α and CD3 are shown in red. Abbreviations: TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; DMA, NN-dimethylamine; THF, tetrahydrofolate; IMP, inosine monophosphate. c Pathway analysis of polar compounds by MetaboAnalyst. Pathway p values were calculated based on metabolites that were correlated with both TNF-α and CD3E. Coef, coefficient