Table 5 Univariable and multivariable analysis of the formation of new syndesmophytes over 2 years
Variable | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysisa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
Male sex | 1.0 | 0.3–2.9 | 0.922 | |||
Age (years) | 1.0 | 1.0–1.1 | 0.078 | |||
Symptom duration (years) | 1.1 | 1.0–1.1 | 0.040 | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.838 | |||||
< 18.5 | 1.7 | 0.3–9.8 | 0.567 | |||
18.5–22.9 | 1.0 (reference) | |||||
23.0–24.9 | 1.5 | 0.4–4.9 | 0.534 | |||
≥ 25.0 | 1.6 | 0.5–5.2 | 0.403 | |||
Current smoking | 2.9 | 1.1–7.5 | 0.029 | |||
HLA B27-positive | 0.8 | 0.2–4.0 | 0.765 | |||
Peripheral arthritis | 1.0 | 0.3–3.0 | 0.996 | |||
Radiographic sacroiliitis | 3.9 | 0.8–17.6 | 0.082 | |||
Presence of syndesmophytes | 5.2 | 2.0–13.9 | 0.001 | 5.5 | 2.0–15.2 | 0.001 |
BASFI score, per 1 point | 1.0 | 0.8–1.3 | 0.720 | |||
BASDAI score ≥ 4 | 1.0 | 0.4–2.6 | 0.965 | |||
ASDAS-CRP | 0.632 | |||||
Low (< 1.3) | 1.0 (reference) | |||||
Moderate (< 2.1) | 1.1 | 0.3–3.8 | 0.900 | |||
High (≤ 3.5) | 0.5 | 0.2–1.7 | 0.278 | |||
Very high (> 3.5) | 0.3 | 0.2–3.3 | 0.688 | |||
Increased ESR (≥ 20 mm/h) | 1.3 | 0.5–3.2 | 0.630 | |||
Increased CRP (≥ 5 mg/L) | 1.6 | 0.6–4.2 | 0.320 | |||
Patients on NSAIDs | 1.3 | 0.3–6.2 | 0.761 | |||
Patients on sulfasalazine | 1.1 | 0.4–2.8 | 0.907 | |||
Patients on TNF inhibitors | 1.8 | 0.7–4.7 | 0.232 | |||
Patients on calcium | 2.9 | 0.9–9.0 | 0.062 | |||
Patients on vitamin D | 2.7 | 0.9–8.1 | 0.086 | |||
Low BMD, any site (Z score ≤ −2.0) | 3.3 | 1.1–9.8 | 0.030 | 3.6 | 1.1–11.8 | 0.031 |