Risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with gout and the impact of urate lowering therapy: a population-based cohort study

Table 4 Absolute rate of CKD by ULT exposure

Variable	Exposed			Unexposed			Unadjusted		Adjusted*
	n	Rate^‡	95% CI	n	Rate^‡	95% CI	Hazard ratio	95% CI	Hazard ratio	95% CI
1-Year landmark
Overall	674	34.3	31.8, 37.0	4058	23.3	22.6, 24.0	1.47	1.35, 1.59	1.09	0.99, 1.18
Male	450	26.4	24.1, 28.9	2878	19.8	19.1, 20.5	1.33	1.21, 1.47	1.08	0.98, 1.20
Female	224	86.7	76.1, 98.9	1180	41.0	38.7, 43.4	2.01	1.74, 2.32	1.11	0.96, 1.29
3-Year landmark
Overall	549	26.1	24.0, 28.4	2027	19.3	18.4, 20.1	1.35	1.23, 1.49	1.03	0.94, 1.14
Male	390	20.7	18.8, 22.9	1538	17.5	16.6, 18.4	1.19	1.06, 1.33	0.96	0.85, 1.07
Female	159	71.1	60.9, 83.1	489	28.3	25.9, 31.0	2.43	2.03, 2.90	1.31	1.09, 1.59

CKD chronic kidney disease, ULT urate-lowering therapy
*Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, treated hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, heart failure, index of multiple deprivation, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, history of hospitalisation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug exposure and baseline serum creatine and uric acid, when not stratified by them. ^‡ per 10,000 person-years