All patients n = 359,876 | Women n = 188,221 | Men n = 171,655 | Men vs women (gout cases) P | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control n = 352,534 | Gout n = 7342 | Control n = 187,647 | Gout n = 574 | Control n = 164,887 | Gout n = 6768 | ||
Age, years (SD) | 56.9 (8.0) | 60.0 (6.9) | 56.8 (7.9) | 61.8 (5.9) | 57.0 (8.1) | 59.8 (6.9) | 2.90 × 10−11 |
BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 27.2 (4.6) | 30.7 (4.9) | 26.8 (5.0) | 32.3 (6.6) | 27.6 (4.1) | 30.6 (4.8) | 7.13 × 10−16 |
Smoker, n (%)* | 35,768 (10.2%) | 661 (9.0%) | 16,006 (8.6%) | 59 (10.3%) | 19,762 (12.0%) | 602 (8.9%) | 0.34 |
Alcohol frequency, n (%)* | |||||||
Daily or almost daily | 74,318 (21.1%) | 2475 (33.7%) | 31,696 (16.9%) | 90 (15.7%) | 42,622 (25.9%) | 2385 (35.3%) | 8.12 × 10−102 |
One to four times a week | 85,226 (24.2%) | 2026 (27.6%) | 40,499 (21.6%) | 86 (15.0%) | 44,727 (27.1%) | 1940 (28.7%) | |
Once or twice a week | 93,145 (26.4%) | 1668 (22.7%) | 49,718 (26.5%) | 130 (22.7%) | 43,427 (26.4%) | 1538 (22.7%) | |
Infrequent** | 76,172 (21.6%) | 838 (11.4%) | 50,509 (26.9%) | 178 (31.0%) | 25,663 (15.5%) | 660 (9.8%) | |
Never | 23,442 (6.7%) | 327 (4.5%) | 15,108 (8.1%) | 89 (15.5%) | 8334 (5.1%) | 238 (3.5%) | |
Diuretic use, n (%)* | 28,722 (8.1%) | 1210 (16.5%) | 16,031 (8.5%) | 206 (35.9%) | 12,691 (7.7%) | 1004 (14.8%) | 6.05 × 10−39 |
Co-morbidities, n (%)* | |||||||
Hypercholesterolaemia | 42,929 (16.7%) | 2056 (28.2%) | 18,322 (13.4%) | 180 (31.6%) | 24,607 (20.5%) | 1876 (27.9%) | 0.06 |
Hypertension | 89,575 (34.9%) | 4161 (57.0%) | 42,152 (30.8%) | 364 (63.9%) | 47,423 (39.5%) | 3797 (56.4%) | 5.95 × 10−4 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 616 (0.2%) | 10 (0.1%) | 358 (0.3%) | 4 (0.7%) | 258 (0.2%) | 6 (0.1%) | 1.47 × 10−4 |
Angina | 11,265 (4.4%) | 662 (9.1%) | 3603 (2.6%) | 59 (10.4%) | 7662 (6.4%) | 603 (9.0%) | 0.27 |
Myocardial infarction | 8261 (3.2%) | 521 (7.1%) | 1604 (1.2%) | 25 (4.4%) | 6657 (5.5%) | 496 (7.4%) | 0.01 |
Heart failure | 196 (0.1%) | 44 (0.6%) | 73 (0.1%) | 5 (0.9%) | 123 (0.1%) | 39 (0.6%) | 0.38 |
Arrhythmia | 1952 (0.8%) | 71 (1.0%) | 950 (0.7%) | 3 (0.5%) | 1002 (0.8%) | 68 (1.0%) | 0.26 |
Stroke | 4733 (1.8%) | 254 (3.5%) | 1895 (1.4%) | 31 (5.4%) | 2838 (2.4%) | 223 (3.3%) | 0.01 |
Transient ischaemic attack | 1343 (0.5%) | 59 (0.8%) | 623 (0.5%) | 5 (0.9%) | 720 (0.6%) | 54 (0.8%) | 0.85 |
Renal failure | 443 (0.1%) | 108 (1.5%) | 222 (0.1%) | 18 (3.1%) | 221 (0.1%) | 90 (1.3%) | 5.59 × 10−4 |
Diabetes mellitus | 16,108 (6.3%) | 1005 (13.8%) | 5846 (4.3%) | 110 (19.3%) | 10,262 (8.5%) | 895 (13.3%) | 0.01 |