Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and renal histopathology data of healthy controls (n = 7) and patients with lupus nephritis (n = 25)

Gender female/male

5/0

5/0

5/0

5/0

5/0

Age

26.20 ± 15.42

28.20 ± 8.44

25.20 ± 13.59

22.80 ± 16.10

24.00 ± 12.98

 BUN, mmol/L

6.80 ± 4.47

14.65 ± 10.81

4.36 ± 1.04

6.20 ± 2.07

7.78 ± 1.97

 Scr, μmol/L

57.00 ± 22.85

151.80 ± 111.57

45.40 ± 7.96

57.08 ± 23.14

66.40 ± 6.58

 UA, μmol/L

366.00 ± 68.75

466.60 ± 137.05

221.80 ± 45.45

298.40 ± 95.89

316.20 ± 87.76

 Alb, g/L

29.84 ± 8.50

30.48 ± 7.10

21.04 ± 15.67

25.68 ± 8.29

25.78 ± 6.46

 GFR, mL/min per 1.73 m²

122.75 ± 36.92

64.66 ± 48.66

135.16 ± 17.70

121.93 ± 39.07

111.15 ± 12.93

 Hemoglobin, g/L

102.60 ± 14.10

96.40 ± 21.36

121.60 ± 16.52

121.93 ± 39.97

97.15 ± 12.93

 24hTP, g

4.54 ± 3.90

3.31 ± 2.81

6.13 ± 4.91

2.99 ± 2.30

7.02 ± 3.39

 RBC in urine, μL

20.80 ± 15.67

157.70 ± 244.21

11.20 ± 19.72

255.74 ± 457.50

63.32 ± 60.63

 WBC in urine, μL

12.20 ± 5.22

195.90 ± 346.09

18.24 ± 29.73

19.76 ± 18.30

43.50 ± 37.45

 CRP, mg/L

0.82 ± 1.03

2.71 ± 2.88

1.27 ± 1.10

26.44 ± 55.94

23.60 ± 3.68

 ESR, mm/h

63.00 ± 42.03

37.20 ± 24.15

49.80 ± 34.27

42.60 ± 36.52

23.60 ± 9.07

 Serum C3, g/L

0.58 ± 0.24

0.59 ± 0.386

1.00 ± 0.17

0.64 ± 0.22

0.67 ± 0.13

 Serum C4, g/L

0.10 ± 0.07

0.10 ± 0.07

0.27 ± 0.09

0.17 ± 0.08

0.12 ± 0.08

 Al score

2 (2 4)

8 (8 15)

0 (0 0)

2 (0 5)

5 (3 6)

 CI score

0 (0 4)

1 (0 3)

0 (0 0)

0 (0 1)

1 (1 2)

 In podocyte

59.40 ± 15.50

33.00 ± 3.16

91.40 ± 43.18

86.00 ± 42.07

93.20 ± 39.90

 In mesangial cell

35.60 ± 11.95

23.40 ± 11.15

22.20 ± 5.81

49.40 ± 34.69

53.80 ± 29.80

 In endothelial cell

31.60 ± 4.67

17.20 ± 9.12

37.60 ± 16.10

53.60 ± 30.34

53.20 ± 18.019

 In renal tubular epithelial cell

40.20 ± 21.46

30.20 ± 10.38

56.20 ± 32.57

43.20 ± 20.54

33.40 ± 14.57