Table 1 Genes and gene polymorphisms linked with axSpA
From: Targeting inflammatory pathways in axial spondyloarthritis
Gene | Name | Pathway and/or putative function | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Genes and gene polymorphisms | |||
 HLA-B27 B2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, 2707, 2708, 2710, 2714, 2715, 2719; 2706 and 2709 (reduced risk) | Human leukocyte antigen B27 105 subtypes encoded by 132 alleles; numerous genetic risk variants | Peptide presentation to T cells, HLA-B27 molecule misfolding leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress reaction, homodimer formation leading to natural killer (NK) cell activation Interacts with ERAP1 | Caffrey 1973 [141] Brewerton 1973 [65] Schlosstein 1973 [66] Montserrat 2006 [142] Cipriani 2003 [143] Yang 2014 [144] Fiorillo 2003 [145] Khan 2013 [146] Jaakkola 2006 [147] Armas 1999 [148] Reveille 2006 [149] |
 HLA-B40, B13, B47, B51 B60, B14 | Human leukocyte antigen B | Antigen recognition Interacts with ERAP1 | Cortes 2015 [150] Van Gaalen 2013 [151] |
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway | |||
 TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 (383 A/C, rs4149577, rs4149576, rs1860545, and rs7954567 polymorphisms) | Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (tumor necrosis factor receptor 1) | TNF signaling Nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and cytokine production | Corona-Sanchez 2012 [152] Davidson 2011 [153] Karaderi 2012 [154] Evans 2011 [22] |
 TRADD region on chromosome 16 | Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain | TNF signaling NF-κB activation and cell death | Pointon 2010 [155] Hsu 1995 [156] |
Interleukin 23 pathway | |||
 IL-23R (multiple polymorphisms) | Interleukin-23 receptor gene Elevated in AS gut epithelium, from CD 4, γδ T, NK, innate lymphoid, mast cells | Th17-mediated immunity Production of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and IFN-γ | Reveille 2010 [62] Burton 2007 [61] Danoy 2010 [157] Dong 2013 [158] Cortes 2013 [159] Di Cesare 2009 [160] |
 IL12B (rs6871626, rs10045431, and rs3212227 polymorphisms) | Interleukin-12B | Activation and differentiation of IL-23R-expressing cells | Danoy 2010 [157] Zhang 2015 [161] Wong 2012 [162] |
 IL-6R (rs4129267 polymorphism) | Interleukin-6R | Th17-mediated immunity TH17 cell differentiation | Reveille 2015 [75] Cortes 2013 [159] |
 IL1R2 (rs2310173 polymorphism)  IL1R1-IL1R2 (rs4851529 and rs2192752 polymorphisms) | Interleukin 1 receptor, type I/II | Th17-mediated immunity Modulation of IL-1 response | Reveille 2010 [62] Reveille 2015 [75] |
 JAK2 (rs10758669 polymorphism, rs1536798/rs10119004/rs7857730-CGT haplotype) | Janus kinase 2 | IL-23R signaling molecule | Danoy 2010 [157] Chen 2010 [163] |
 STAT3 (rs2293152, rs6503695, rs744166 polymorphisms) | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 | IL-23R and IL-6 signaling molecule | Davidson 2011 [153] Danoy 2010 [157] |
Lymphocyte development and activation | |||
 ERAP1 (multiple polymorphisms) | Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase-1 Also pairs with Cw6 of psoriasis, B51 of Behcet’s, A29 of birdshot chorioretinopathy but not NOD2 of Crohn’s Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase | Peptide presentation-Interacts with HLA-B27 and HLA-B40 | Reeves 2014 [164] Evans 2011 [22] Abdullah 2015 [165] Chen 2015 [166] Bang 2011 [167] Brown 2016 [168] |
 TYK2 (rs35164067, rs6511701, rs280518 polymorphisms) | Tyrosine kinase 2 | Signaling from cytokine receptors, including IL-23R | Reveille 2015 [75] Cortes 2013 [159] |
 CARD9 (rs11145835, rs10781500 polymorphisms) | Caspase recruitment domain family, member 9 | Development of Th17 activation to some pathogens | Ma 2014 [169] Evans 2011 [22] |
 RUNX3 (rs6600247 polymorphism) | Runt-related transcription factor 3 | Reduction in CD8 T cell counts | Reveille 2015 [75] Cortes 2013 [159] |
 KIR3DL1 | Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor-3 DL1 | Inhibits cytotoxicity of NK cells | Abdullah 2015 [165] Zvyagin 2010 [170] |