Fig. 5

Metformin suppresses Ig isotype switching and B cell differentiation into GC B cells. a Eleven-week-old mice were orally administered vehicle or 50 mg/kg metformin daily for 9 weeks (n = 5 per group). PBMCs were isolated, reacted with antibodies to B220 and GL-7, and subjected to flow cytometry to identify B220⁺GL7⁺ GC B cells. The data were pre-gated on live single cells. b Serum total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a levels in NOD/ShiLtJ mice administered with metformin (n = 5) or vehicle (n = 5), as determined by ELISA (mouse serum was diluted 100,000-fold). Data are means ± SEMs. Data are representative of three independent experiments (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01)