Table 2 Key features of previous studies on survivorship in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA)
Author and year of publication (Reference) | Time period and country | Study design | Inclusion criteria | Number of subjects (N) | Main conclusions—survival/mortality | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Controls | Overall | Cause-specific | ||||
Lee 2018 [10] | 1950–2010 Multi-national | Meta-analysis (8 studies included) | ACR 1990 or biopsy-proven | Pooled 1972 (877 deaths) | Expected rates | No difference | Increased CVD mortality |
Hill 2017 [9] | 1979–2015a Multi-national | Meta-analysis (17 studies included) | ACR 1990 or biopsy-proven | Pooled 4733 (1853 deaths) | Expected rates | Excess mortality in hospital-basedb | NR |
Brekke (PS) | 1972–2012 Norway | Retrospective, hospital-based | Clinical diagnosis | 881 (490 deaths) | 2577 matched | No difference | Increased CVD mortality, reduced cancer mortality |
ACR 1990 | 792 (432 deaths) | 2314 matched | |||||
Biopsy-proven | 528 (292 deaths) | 1584 matched | |||||
Aouba 2018 [13] | 1980–2011 France | Retrospective, population-based | Death certificate listing GCA as a death cause c | 14,996 deaths | Expected rates | No difference | Increased CVD mortality, reduced cancer mortality |
Li 2018 [14] | 1990–2014 UK | Retrospective, population-based | Diagnosis of GCA in primary care database | 9778 (3453 deaths) | 92,268 matched | Excess mortality first 5 years, no difference long-term | NR |
Catanoso 2017 [34] | 1986–2013d Italy | Retrospective, population-based | Biopsy-proven | 285 (120 deaths) | 285 matched | No difference | No difference |
Baslund 2015 [35] | 1993–2011 Denmark | Retrospective, population-based | Biopsy-proven | 1787 (846 deaths) | 33,953 matched | Excess mortality early and late after diagnosis | Increased CVD mortality, reduced cancer mortality |
Mohammad 2015 [36] | 1997–2010 Sweden | Retrospective, population-based | Biopsy-proven | 840 (279 deaths) | Expected rates | Excess mortality first 2 years, no difference long term | NR |
Kermani 2013 [37] | 1950–2009e USA | Retrospective, population-based | ACR 1990 | 204 (154 deaths) | Expected rates | No difference (except if LV manifestations) | Increased GIT mortality |
Ninan 2011 [27] | 1992–2006 Australia | Retrospective, population-based | Biopsy-proven | 225 (71 deaths) | Expected rates | No difference | NR |
Crow 2009 [15] | 1991–2005 USA | Retrospective, hospital-based | Biopsy-proven | 44 (21 deaths) | 4400 matched | Excess mortality 5 years after GCA diagnosis | NR |
Salvarani 2004 [12] | 1950–1999 USA | Retrospective, population-based | ACR 1990 | 173 (NR) | Expected rates | No difference | NR |
Uddhammar 2002 [16] | 1973–1995 Sweden | Retrospective, hospital-based | Biopsy-proven (all fulfilled ACR1990) | 136 (114 deaths) | Expected rates | Excess mortality (women only) | Increased CVD mortality |
Gran 2001 [17] | 1987–1997 Norway | Prospective, population-based | Biopsy-proven | 64 (13 deaths) | 256 matched | No difference | NR |
Gonzalez-Gay 1997 [18] | 1982–1996 Spain | Retrospective, population-based | Biopsy-proven | 109 (22 deaths) | Expected rates | No difference | No difference |
Matteson 1996 [19] | 1981–1993 USA | Retrospective, hospital-based | ACR 1990 | 205 (49 deaths) | Expected rates | No difference | NR |
Nesher 1994 [8] | 1978–1992 Israel | Retrospective, hospital-based | Biopsy-proven or ACR 1990 | 43 (19 deaths) | Expected rates | Excess mortality (mainly first year) | NR |
Rajala 1993 [20] | 1969–1991 Finland | Retrospective, hospital-based | Biopsy-proven | 66 (NR) | Expected rates | No difference (unless pre-existing CVD) | NR |
Bisgård 1991 [11] | 1973–1987 Denmark | Retrospective, hospital-based | Biopsy-proven | 34 (18 deaths) | Expected rates | Excess mortality | NR |
Clinical diagnosis (probable) | 146 (57 deaths) | ||||||
Clinical diagnosis (possible) | 85 (52 deaths) | ||||||
Nordborg 1989 [21] | 1977–1987 Sweden | Retrospective, population-based | Biopsy-proven | 284 (82 deaths) | Expected rates | No difference | Increased vascular mortality first year |
Boesen 1987 [22] | 1982–1985f | Prospective, population-based | Clinical diagnosis (including PMR) | 46g (5 deaths) | Expected rates | No difference | NR |
Fjermestad 1983 [23] | 1965–1980 Norway | Retrospective, hospital-based | Biopsy-proven | 53 (14 deaths) | Expected rates | No difference | NR |
Graham 1981 [24] | 1968–1978 UK | Retrospective, hospital-based | Biopsy-proven | 90 (32 deaths) | Expected rates | Excess mortality (women only) | NR |
Jonasson 1979 [25] | 1964–1977 Scotland | Retrospective, population-based | Biopsy-proven | 124 (51 deaths) | Expected rates | No difference | No difference CVD mortality, NR other |
Huston 1978 [26] | 1950–1976h | Retrospective, population-based | Biopsy-proven or study-specific clinical criteria | 42 (21 deaths) | Expected rates | No difference | No difference |