Fig. 1

Urinary pro-thrombotic, anti-thrombotic, and fibrinolytic molecules are significantly elevated in active lupus nephritis. Plotted are urine concentrations of d-dimer (a), plasmin (b), TF (c), and TFPI (d), as determined by ELISA in active LN (N = 89), inactive LN (N = 24), CKD patients (N = 45), and healthy controls (N = 41) after normalization by urinary creatinine. All four molecules were significantly elevated in ALN patients compared to ILN patients and healthy controls. Each dot represents an individual subject. e The function of the four assayed biomarkers within the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems; red broken line indicates an inhibitory role, while a blue arrow indicates an activation role. The urine biomarkers interrogated in this study all play key roles in the depicted pro-/anti-coagulation and/or fibrinolysis systems