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Fig. 1 | Arthritis Research & Therapy

Fig. 1

From: Local ice cryotherapy decreases synovial interleukin 6, interleukin 1β, vascular endothelial growth factor, prostaglandin-E2, and nuclear factor kappa B p65 in human knee arthritis: a controlled study

Fig. 1

Study design. In the first phase of the study, patients were randomized to receive either ice (30 min; N = 16) or cold CO2 (2 min; N = 16) twice at an 8-h interval. In the second phase, 16 patients with arthritides of both knees were included. One of the knees was treated with local ice (N = 16) while the contralateral arthritic knees were used as paired controls (N = 16) for the synovial fluid analyses. One of these 16 patients had been previously included in the first phase of the study (ice group). Therefore, a total of 47 patients were included. “” indicates no cryotherapy treatment

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